Introduction
Figure 1: Layout for a box-spring.
This cell implements a simple spring. One end of the spring can optionally be anchored to the wafer. The spring is implemented as a number of boxes connected together. Although considerable stiffer than a serpentine spring, a box spring will not exhibit the sideways movement at the ends that a serpentine spring may exhibit.
Please also refer to the documentation for the serpentine spring parameterized cell.
Theory
The compliance of the spring can be calculated by using the following formula.
Where, C is the compliance of the spring, L is the length of the bars, E is Young's Modulus for the spring material, and I is the 2nd moment of the bars, and N is the number of bars, excluding the two half-bars at the top and bottom of the spring. If you are interested in the spring constant (i.e. Hook's Law), then the spring constant k is simply the inverse of the compliance. More accurate results can be obtained by using replacing L with L-p1_nomWidth. This is an empirical result based on ANSYS simulations to account for the connecting bars.
This equation makes several approximations, the most important probably being that the bending in the sections connecting the bars is negligible. With a large spacing between the bars, which is controlled by the "gap" parameter, this may not hold. The following table compares the above equation to several spring modeled in ANSYS. The bar width and the gap in all springs was kept at 2um. The value of Young's Modulus was 160GPa.
| Length | Boxes | Simulation | Equation | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 100um | 5 | 0.21498 | 0.22282 | 3.6% |
| 150um | 10 | 1.5139 | 1.5510 | 2.5% |
| 200um | 20 | 7.3309 | 7.4662 | 1.8% |
Figure 2: Stress intensity plot of loaded spring.
Stress intensity plot of loaded spring.
Below is an ANSYS simulation of a spring showing stress intensity. The spring has boxes that are 100um wide. The beams are square with side lengths of 2um. The gap between bars is also 2um. The spring has been loaded with 1uN. As can been seen from the accompanying plot, the spring is well away from the breaking point.
Parameters
Any parameter may be modified, if necessary, to meet design rules. Typically, this involves increasing parameters that specify distances, so that minimum line width and minimum line spacing rules will not be violated. This has been extended to the convention of specifying a zero for some parameters to obtain an instance of the minimum size.
In addition to the parameters listed below, several technology parameters also influence the implementation of parameterized cells. This data must be present in the technology library.
| Name | Description | Range | Units | P1 | P2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| width | This is the width of the spring. Each bar of the spring will be able to flex this distance, less twice the POLY1 minimum width. | [0,∞) | um | + | + |
| boxes | The number of boxes included in the spring. | [1,∞) | - | + | + |
| include_anchor | If this box is checked, then the top end of the spring will be anchored to the wafer. | true/false | - | + | + |
| include_poly0 | If this box is checked, then a POLY0 ground plane will be included underneath the spring. | true/false | - | + | + |
References
The documentation for this parameterized cell does not contain any references.
