Hypothalamic - Pituitary Axis, Growth Hormone

The hypothalamus:
1. lies directly below the pituitary gland
2. receives input from the cerebral cortex, sensory receptors and the reticular formation
3. only secretes trophic peptide hormones
4. two of the above
5. all of the above
The pituitary gland:
1. secretes amine hormones
2. receives neural communication from the hypothalamus
3. is connected to the hypothalamus via a portal vein
4. two of the above
5. all of the above
The anterior pituitary:
1. is also called the neurohypophysis
2. secretes oxytocin
3. releases FSH and LH
4. all of the above
5. none of the above
Which of the following hormones are secreted from the anterior pituitary gland?
1. prolactin
2. ADH (arginine vasopressin)
3. cortisol
4. somatostatin
5. all of the above
Which of the following hormones are secreted from the anterior pituitary gland?
1. thyroid stimulating hormone
2. growth hormone
3. prolactin
4. follicle stimulating hormone
5. all of the above
Which of the following hormones are released into the blood from the posterior pituitary gland?
1. ADH (arginine vasopressin)
2. oxytocin
3. prolactin
4. a and b
5. a and c
Which of the following hormones are synthesized by neurons located in the hypothalamus?
1. oxytocin
2. somatostatin
3. dopamine
4. all of the above
5. none of the above
Which of the following hormones are synthesized by neurons located in the hypothalamus?
1. thyroid stimulating hormone
2. oxytocin
3. corticotropin releasing hormone
4. two of the above
5. all of the above
Antidiuretic hormone (arginine vasopressin):
1. stimulates the insertion of aquaporin molecules into the apical membrane of cells in the collecting duct of the kidney
2. is secreted from vasotrophs in the anterior pituitary
3. stimulates the synthesis of Na+ channels and Na+/K+ pumps in principle cells of the kidney
4. two of the above
5. all of the above
Oxytocin:
1. is synthesized in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus
2. controls contractions of the uterus during labour
3. inhibits formation of social bonds and attachment
4. two of the above
5. all of the above
Growth hormone:
1. secretion peaks immediately after waking up in the morning
2. release is stimulated by increased blood glucose and fatty acids
3. secretion is inhibited by somatostatin and insulin-like growth factors (somatomedins)
4. all of the above
5. none of the above
Actions of growth hormone include all of the following EXCEPT:
1. increases gluconeogenesis in the liver
2. increases glucose uptake in adipose tissue
3. increases amino acid uptake in muscle tissue
4. increases protein synthesis in the heart, lungs, and intestine
5. stimulates production of IGFs in the liver
The growth hormone receptor:
1. is an intracellular protein that regulates gene transcription when activated
2. forms a dimer with another GH receptor when bound to growth hormone
3. contains a JAK2 tyrosine kinase
4. two of the above
5. all of the above
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs or somatomedins):
1. are produced in the liver, kidney, and muscle
2. bind the insulin receptors and cause hypoglycemia at physiological concentrations
3. levels increase with age
4. two of the above
5. all of the above
Binding of GH to its receptor leads to:
1. dimerization of the GH receptor
2. phosphorylation of STAT proteins
3. activation of a MAP kinase signal cascade
4. all of the above
5. none of the above
Which of the following hormones are NOT linked to impaired growth if their levels are deficient?
1. growth hormone
2. thyroid hormone
3. glucocorticoids
4. insulin
5. all of the above
Symptoms of a growth hormone deficiency include all of the following EXCEPT:
1. decreased bone density
2. dramatic weight loss
3. delayed onset of puberty
4. loss of muscle mass and total lean body mass
5. stunted growth
Symptoms of growth hormone excess include:
1. abnormal glucose tolerance
2. reduced bone growth and short stature
3. loss of muscle mass and total lean body mass
4. all of the above
5. none of the above
Regarding growth:
1. exposure to excess insulin during fetal development leads to increased birth weight
2. exposure to elevated levels of the sex steroids prior to puberty lengthens the growth window
3. excessive amounts of thyroid hormone during fetal development lead to cretinism
4. two of the above
5. all of the above
Which of the following inhibit secretion of growth hormone?
1. ghrelin
2. somatostatin
3. fasting
4. all of the above
5. none of the above
Which of the following stimulate secretion of growth hormone?
1. ghrelin
2. insulin-like growth factors (somatomedins)
3. beta adrenergic agonists
4. all of the above
5. none of the above

Hypothalamic - Pituitary Axis, Growth Hormone

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