Complete the sentence with the best term. Please note that if your answer is not spelled correctly, the program will note it as incorrect.
The _______________ is the layer of the GI tract next to the lumen and is formed from epithelia, the lamina propria and the muscularis mucosa.
The layer of loose connective tissue found within the mucosa is called the _____________ ___________________.
The ________________________ division of the autonomic nervous system controls "fight or flight" responses.
The ________________________ division of the autonomic nervous system controls "rest and digest" responses.
The ___________________ nervous system is composed of over 200 million neurons located entirely within the peripheral nervous system and can function without extrinsic input.
The myenteric plexus of the enteric nervous system is located with the ___________________ _________________ layer of the GI wall.
The two plexuses of the enteric nervous system include the ____________________ plexus and the submucosal plexus.
The two plexuses of the enteric nervous system include the ____________________ plexus and the myenteric plexus.
Secretion of histamine from ECL cells in the stomach that affect adjacent parietal cells is referred to as __________________________ regulation.
The primary neurotransmitter released by the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system is ____________________________.
The primary neurotransmitter released by the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system is ____________________________.
The primary neurotransmitter released by the postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system is ____________________________.
The primary neurotransmitter released by the postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system is ____________________________.
The axons of preganglionic sympathetic neurons lie within the ______________________ cell columns of the spinal cord.
The bulbous expansions in the terminal axon of autonomic postganglionic neurons that permits one neuron to synapse with multiple target cells are called _____________________.
Excitatory motor neurons in the GI wall release Ach and ____________ ___ which cause contraction of GI smooth muscle.
Excitatory motor neurons in the GI wall release ____________ and Substance P which cause contraction of GI smooth muscle.
Inhibitory motor neurons in the GI wall release NO, VIP, and __________ to cause relaxation of GI smooth muscle.
Inhibitory motor neurons in the GI wall release NO, ATP, and __________ to cause relaxation of GI smooth muscle.
Inhibitory motor neurons in the GI wall release ATP, VIP, and __________ ___________ to cause relaxation of GI smooth muscle.
Both plexuses of the enteric nervous system receive input from ____-ganglionic PNS neurons.
Both plexuses of the enteric nervous system receive input from ____-ganglionic SNS neurons.
The presence of multiple different neurotransmitters that can be released from a single neuron is referred to as ___________________________.
A ___________________________ reflex is an autonomic reflex in which both the afferent information and efferent information are carried in the vagus nerve.
The drug __________________________ is a nicotinic receptor blocker.
The drug ___________________ (derived from the Bella Donna plant) is a muscarinic receptor blocker.
Release of Ach or Substance P from enteric motor neurons produces _________________ of GI smooth muscle.
Release of ATP, NO, or VIP from enteric motor neurons produces ______________________ of GI smooth muscle.
Cutting the vagus nerve is called ____________________________.
Responses elicited by neurotransmitters other than Ach or NE that are co-localized in ANS neurons are called ___________________.
What second messenger is activated when NE binds to a beta adrenergic receptor?
What effector protein produces IP3 and DAG from PIP2?
Binding of Ach to a muscarinic receptor activates a G protein linked receptor with a(n) ______________________ subunit.
Name the effector protein activated by cAMP when NE binds to a beta adrenergic receptor.
Name the effector protein that produces cAMP from ATP in response to NE binding to a beta adrenergic receptor.
NE binding to a(n) ____________-adrenergic receptor leads to activation of phospholipase C.
IP3 leads to increases in levels of intracellular ______________.
Name the effector protein activated by DAG (diacyl glycerol).
The hormone _____________________________ secreted by G cells in the stomach stimulates acid secretion form parietal cells, release of histamine from ECL cells, and regulates mucosal growth.
The hormone _________________________ secreted from endocrine cells in the duodenum and jejunum stimulates secretion of bicarbonate (HCO3-) from the pancreas.