audiology

Damage-Risk Criteria


Audiology / Noise

Recommended maximum Noise Levels for given exposure periods, such that occupational deafness is minimized. The following table shows the levels adopted in 1971 by the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) in the U.S.A. for noisy industrial environments. These recommendations have also been accepted by Workers' Compensation Boards in Canada. However, the levels are approximately five decibels above those recommended by the American Otological Association.

See: Acoustic Trauma, Hearing Loss, Threshold of Pain, Threshold Shift.

The First Draft Amendments, October 1974, of the Workers' Compensation Board of B.C. replaced these criteria (Sound Level - hours per day) with a standard that would specify graded types of hearing protection (earmuffs, earplugs, fiber batting) to be worn by workers in areas where the Sound Level exceeds 85 dBA for any period of time.

Permissible Noise Levels

Duration per Day
(hours)

Sound Level
dBA

8
90
6
92
4
95
3
97
2
100
1 1/4
102
1
105
1/2
110
1/4
115

Exposure to impulsive or impact noise should not exceed 140 dB peak sound pressure level.

Permissible Noise Levels in dBA established by the Workers' Compensation Boards in North America for industrial noise exposure.

The simple decibel level used does not take into consideration the frequency bands in which the sound energy is concentrated (and certain of these, from 1 to 4 kHz, present greater hearing danger), infrasonic vibrations, amplitude modulation effects, time variation in Sound Levels, impact sounds, etc. All of these factors may cause annoyance and create a potential health hazard. See also: Equivalent Energy Level.

Recent investigation has shown that average Sound Levels are not an adequate indicator of hearing risk. Instead, the impulsive character of the sound, in addition to its average intensity level, must be considered. This has been ignored in the past because, first of all, most Sound Level Meters, even with fast response modes, have an averaging time of about 125 ms, whereas impulse peaks in many sounds occur within 25-50 microseconds. Therefore these meters are unable to measure the true intensity level of such sounds. Moreover, the averaging time of the brain is about 35 ms, and therefore these impulses are actually more intensive than they appear to be based on loudness. This may be verified by noting that short impulses sound less loud than longer ones of the same intensity. See: Click.

The increased risk to hearing arises because, first of all, these impulses are transmitted with full force to the inner ear (the averaging times of the outer and middle ears being 50 and 35 microseconds respectively). Moreover, as pointed out by P.V. Brüel, "short impulses with relatively high energy content around 4 kHz are almost always amplified by resonance in the outer and middle ear so that these impulses reach the inner ear with an amplitude 10 - 12 dB higher than other types of noise." This explains the characteristic 'notch' in an audiogram that signifies the beginning of noise induced hearing loss (see diagram under audiogram). Given this amplification, certain loud sounds may damage the nerve ends of the inner ear producing permanent hearing loss, even though a normal sound level meter would indicate that their level is lower than the danger level.

Brüel concludes that "we must not only determine the Sound Level with a normal Sound Level Meter, but must furthermore determine the impulsive content of the noise with a Sound Level Meter that can be charged up very quickly." Such a meter has a 'peak hold' circuit with an averaging time of 30 microseconds. When various sounds are measured with such a meter, it is found that certain ones have very high peak levels compared with fast dBA or dBA impulse hold levels, and therefore these pose a greater hearing risk than those without such impulses.

The worst cases are all impact sounds, metalworking machines (punch presses, nailing machines) and bottling machines. More common domestic sounds that fall into this category are lawnmowers, typewriters, electric shavers, interior car noise and clicks in telephone circuitry. Amplified music, on the other hand, does not contain harmful peaks because of dynamic compression. Therefore, hearing loss from exposure to loud music, although significant, is not as extensive as the high levels would normally lead one to predict on the basis of levels alone. The damage-risk criteria that have been suggested to take impulsive content into consideration are shown below.

Ref.: P.V. Brüel, "Do We Measure Damaging Noise Correctly?", B&K Technical Review, no. 1, 1976, pp. 3-32.

Risk limits of hearing loss (50% probability) for different types of noise, evaluated on the basis of the relation between dBA and Peak value. The lower the line, the higher the risk because of impulsive content (from Brüel, B&K Technical Review, no. 1, 1976, p. 20, used by permission).

Sound Source
Fast dB(A)
Imp. dB(A)
Imp. Hold dB(A) 5x
Peak Hold dB(A) 5x
D

Sinusoidal pure tone 1000 Hz

94
94
94
97
3

Beat music from a gramophone

90
91
93
97
4

Modern music from a gramophone

102
103
103
105
2

Electric guitar from a gramophone

85
86
86
91
5

Motorway traffic, 15m distance

80
80
81
89
8

Motorway traffic, 50m distance

68
68
68
76
8

Train 70 km/h rail noise, 10m distance

95
96
98
106
8

Train 70 km/h rail noise, 18m distance

85
87
87
94
7

Noise in aircraft Type PA 23, cruising speed

90
91
91
100
9

Noise in aircraft Type Falco F 8, cruising speed

97
98
98
109
11

Noise in aircraft Type KZ 3, cruising speed

102
102
103
112
9

Noise in car Type Fiat 500, 60 km/h

78
79
79
93
14

Noise in car Type Volvo 142, 80 km/h

75
75
76
86
10

Lawn mower 10 HK 1m distance

97
99
99
116
17

Typewriter IBM (head position)

80
84
83
102
19

Electric shaver, 2.5m distance

92
92
92
107
15

75 HK diesel motor in electricity generating plant

100
101
101
113
12

Pneumatic nailing machine, 3m distance

112
114
113
128
15

Pneumatic nailing machine near operator's head

116
120
120
148
28

Industrial ventilator 5 HK, 1m

82
83
83
93
10

Air compressor room

92
92
92
104
12

Large machine shop

81
82
82
98
16

Turner shop

79
80
81
100
19

Automatic turner shop

79
80
80
99
19

40 ton punch press, near operator's head

93
98
97
121
24

Small automatic punch press

100
103
103
118
15

Numerically driven high speed drill

100
102
103
112
9

Small high speed drill

98
101
101
109
8

Ventilator with filter

82
83
83
94
11

Machine driven saw, near operator's head

102
102
104
113
9

Vacuum cleaner Type Hoover, 1.2m distance

81
81
81
93
12

Bottles striking each other

85
88
90
105
15

Bottling machine in brewery

98
99
101
122
21

Toy pistol (cap)

103
108
108
140
32

Pistol 9mm, 5m distance from side

111
114
116
146
30

Shotgun, 5m distance from side

106
110
111
143
32

Saloon rifle, 1m distance from side

105
110
110
139
29

Table showing dBA and peak values measured for various sources. The difference between peak and dBA values, shown in the right-hand column, represents the degree of hearing loss danger caused by the impulsive characteristic of the source. The numerical amount in dB is that by which the damage-risk line must be plotted on the graph below the base line (reference as above).