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| SAS Companion for the OS/390 Environment |
The example uses OS/390 services to compress data. The data is compressed on output and decompressed on input.(footnote 1)
The example consists of several assembly macros, followed
by the assembly language program itself. The macros define how the parameter
lists are to be interpreted. Each macro begins with a MACRO statement and
ends with a MEND statement. The actual program begins on the line that reads
SASCSRC START. Here is the example:
TITLE 'INFILE/FILE USER EXIT TO COMPRESS DATA USING ESA SERVICES'
*----------------------------------------------------------------------
* COPYRIGHT (C) 1991 BY SAS INSTITUTE INC., CARY, NC 27513 USA
*
* NAME: ==> SASCSRC
* TYPE: ==> EXTERNAL FILE USER EXIT
* LANGUAGE: ==> ASM
* PURPOSE: ==> TO COMPRESS/DECOMPRESS DATA USING CSRCESRV SERVICES
* USAGE: ==> DATA;INFILE MYFILE CSRC;INPUT;RUN;
*----------------------------------------------------------------------
* - - - - - - - - - -
MACRO
*---------------------------------------------------------------------
* COPYRIGHT (C) 1991 BY SAS INSTITUTE INC., CARY, NC 27513 USA
*
* NAME ==> VXEXIT
* PURPOSE ==> DSECT MAPPING OF INFILE EXIT TABLE
*---------------------------------------------------------------------
VXEXIT
*------------------------------------------------------------------
* MAP OF USER EXIT HOST BAG
*------------------------------------------------------------------
VXEXIT DSECT
SPACE 1
*------------------------------------------------------------------
* THE FOLLOWING FIELDS MUST NOT BE CHANGED BY THE EXIT ROUTINE
* EXCEPT USERWORD
*------------------------------------------------------------------
EXITIDB DS A
EXITEP DS A
MEMALEN DS F LENGTH OF WORK AREA ABOVE 16M LINE
MEMABV DS A POINTER TO WORK AREA ABOVE 16M LINE
MEMBLEN DS F LENGTH OF WORK AREA BELOW 16M LINE
MEMBEL DS A POINTER TO WORK AREA BELOW 16M LINE
USERWORD DS A (USER UPD) WORD AVAILABLE TO EXIT
EDDNAME DS CL8 LOGICAL NAME OF THE FILE
VARRTN DS A SAS VARIABLE CREATING ROUTINE ADDRESS
ERRMSG DS A (USER UPD) NULL TERMINATED ERROR MESSAGE POINTER
EFLAG1 DS XL1 (USER UPD) FLAG BYTE-1
EX_NEXT EQU X'80' GET NEXT RECORD FROM EXIT
EX_DEL EQU X'40' DELETE THIS RECORD
EX_EOF EQU X'20' EOF OF DATASET REACHED
EX_EOFC EQU X'10' CALL USER EXIT AFTER EOF
EX_ALC EQU X'08' WILL USE ALLOC/FREE ROUTINES
EX_STOR EQU X'04' WILL SUPPORT STORED PROGRAMS
EX_TERM EQU X'02' WILL NEED A TERMINAL CALL
EFLAG2 DS XL1 FLAG BYTE-2
EFLAG3 DS XL1 FLAG BYTE-3
EFLAG4 DS XL1 FLAG BYTE-4
ALLOC DS A ALLOC ROUTINE
FREE DS A FREE ROUTINE
PIDA DS F PID ABOVE
PIDB DS F PID BELOW
ALLOC1 DS A ALLOCATE ROUTINE WITH SWITCH
FREE1 DS A FREE ROUTINE WITH SWITCH
VARRTN1 DS A SAS VARIABLE CREATING ROUTINE WITH SWITCH
VXCRAB DS A CRAB ADDRESS
LOG DS A LOG ROUTINE WITHOUT SWITCH
LOG1 DS A LOG ROUTINE WITH SWITCH
SPACE 1
DS 0D
SPACE 1
VXEXITL EQU *-VXEXIT
*------------------------------------------------------------------
* MAP OF VARRTN FUNCTION CALL
*------------------------------------------------------------------
PARMVAR DSECT
*
VARNAME DS A POINTER TO VARIABLE NAME
VARNAMEL DS F VARIABLE NAME LENGTH
VARTYPE DS F VARIABLE TYPE 1=NUM, 2=CHAR
VARSIZE DS F SIZE OF VARIABLE IF CHAR
VARFLAG DS F FLAGS , X'01' - INTERNAL
* X'02' - EXTERNAL
VARADDR DS A POINTER TO VAR LOC ADDRESS (RETURNED)
*
* FOR CHARACTER VARIABLE IT RETURNS A POINTER TO A STRING STRUCTURE
*
* MAXLEN DS H MAX LENGTH OF STRING
* CURLEN DS H CURRENT LENGTH OF STRING
* ADDR DS A ADDRESS OF STRING DATA
PARMVARL EQU *-PARMVAR
*------------------------------------------------------------------
* MAP OF ALLOC FUNCTION CALL
*------------------------------------------------------------------
PARMALC DSECT
*
ALCEXIT DS A POINTER TO THE EXIT BAG
ALCPTR DS A PLACE TO RETURN ALLOCATED ADDRESS
ALCLEN DS F LENGTH OF MEMORY REQUIRED
ALCFLG DS F FLAG BYTE 1=BELOW 16M, 0=ABOVE 16M
PARMALCL EQU *-PARMALC
*------------------------------------------------------------------
* MAP OF FREE FUNCTION CALL
*------------------------------------------------------------------
PARMFRE DSECT
*
FREEXIT DS A POINTER TO THE EXIT BAG
FREPTR DS A ADDRESS OF FREEMAIN
FREFLG DS F FLAG BYTE 1=BELOW 16M, 0=ABOVE 16M
PARMFREL EQU *-PARMFRE
*------------------------------------------------------------------
* MAP OF INIT EXIT CALL
*------------------------------------------------------------------
PARMINIT DSECT
*
INITFUNC DS F FUNCTION CODE
INITEXIT DS A USER EXIT BAG ADDRESS
INITMBLN DS A PTR TO AMT OF MEMORY NEEDED BELOW LINE
INITMALN DS A PTR TO AMT OF MEMORY NEEDED ABOVE LINE
PARMINIL EQU *-PARMINIT
*------------------------------------------------------------------
* MAP OF PARSE EXIT CALL
*------------------------------------------------------------------
PARMPARS DSECT
*
PARSFUNC DS F FUNCTION CODE
PARSEXIT DS A USER EXIT BAG ADDRESS
PARSOPTL DS F OPTION NAME LENGTH
PARSOPTN DS A POINTER TO OPTION NAME
PARSVALL DS F OPTION VALUE LENGTH
PARSVAL DS A OPTION VALUE
PARMPARL EQU *-PARMPARS
*------------------------------------------------------------------
* MAP OF OPEN EXIT CALL
*------------------------------------------------------------------
PARMOPEN DSECT
*
OPENFUNC DS F FUNCTION CODE
OPENEXIT DS A USER EXIT BAG ADDRESS
OPENMODE DS F OPEN MODE
OPENZLEN DS A POINTER TO DATA LENGTH
OPENBLKL DS F DATA SET BLOCK SIZE
OPENRECL DS F DATA SET RECORD LENGTH
OPENRECF DS F DATA SET RECORD FORMAT
PARMOPEL EQU *-PARMOPEN
*------------------------------------------------------------------
* MAP OF READ EXIT CALL
*------------------------------------------------------------------
PARMREAD DSECT
*
READFUNC DS F FUNCTION CODE
READEXIT DS A USER EXIT BAG ADDRESS
READRECA DS A POINTER TO RECORD AREA ADDRESS
READRECL DS A POINTER TO RECORD LENGTH
PARMREAL EQU *-PARMREAD
*------------------------------------------------------------------
* MAP OF WRITE EXIT CALL
*------------------------------------------------------------------
PARMWRIT DSECT
*
WRITFUNC DS F FUNCTION CODE
WRITEXIT DS A USER EXIT BAG ADDRESS
WRITRECA DS A POINTER TO RECORD AREA ADDRESS
WRITRECL DS F RECORD LENGTH
PARMWRIL EQU *-PARMWRIT
*------------------------------------------------------------------
* MAP OF CLOSE EXIT CALL
*------------------------------------------------------------------
PARMCLOS DSECT
*
CLOSFUNC DS F FUNCTION CODE
CLOSEXIT DS A USER EXIT BAG ADDRESS
PARMCLOL EQU *-PARMCLOS
*------------------------------------------------------------------
* MAP OF CONCAT EXIT CALL
*------------------------------------------------------------------
PARMCONC DSECT
*
CONCFUNC DS F FUNCTION CODE
CONCEXIT DS A USER EXIT BAG ADDRESS
CONCBLKL DS F NEXT DATA SET IN CONCAT BLOCK SIZE
CONCRECL DS F NEXT DATA SET IN CONCAT RECORD LENGTH
CONCRECF DS F NEXT DATA SET IN CONCAT RECORD FORMAT
CONCZLEN DS A POINTER TO DATA LENGTH
PARMCONL EQU *-PARMCONC
*
*------------------------------------------------------------------
* MAP OF LOG ROUTINE PARMLIST
*------------------------------------------------------------------
PARMLOG DSECT
LOGSTR DS A ADDRESS OF THE NULL-TERMINATED STRING
PARMLOGL EQU *-PARMLOG
*
*------------------------------------------------------------------
* EQUATES AND CONSTANTS
*------------------------------------------------------------------
EXITPARS EQU 4
EXITOPEN EQU 8
EXITREAD EQU 12
EXITCONC EQU 16
EXITWRIT EQU 20
EXITCLOS EQU 24
EXITP2HB EQU 28 NOT SUPPORTED YET
EXITHB2P EQU 32 NOT SUPPORTED YET
*
* EXITMODE VALUES
EXITINP EQU 1
EXITOUT EQU 2
EXITAPP EQU 4
EXITUPD EQU 8
* RECFM VALUES
EXITRECF EQU X'80'
EXITRECV EQU X'40'
EXITRECB EQU X'10'
EXITRECS EQU X'08'
EXITRECA EQU X'04'
EXITRECU EQU X'C0'
&SYSECT CSECT
MEND
DS OD
VXEXITL EQU *-VXEXIT
SPACE 1
MACRO
&LBL VXENTER &DSA=,&WORKAREA=MEMABV,&VXEXIT=R10
DROP
&LBL CSECT
USING &LBL,R11
LR R11,R15 LOAD PROGRAM BASE
USING VXEXIT,&VXEXIT
L &VXEXIT,4(,R1) LOAD -> VXEXIT STRUCTURE
AIF ('&DSA' EQ 'NO').NODSA
AIF ('&DSA' EQ '').NODSA
L R15,&WORKAREA LOAD -> DSA FROM VXEXIT
ST R15,8(,R13) SET FORWARD CHAIN
ST R13,4(,R15) SET BACKWARD CHAIN
LR R13,R15 SET NEW DSA
USING &DSA,R13
.NODSA ANOP
MEND
* - - - - - - - - - -
MACRO
&LBL VXRETURN &DSA=
AIF ('&LBL' EQ '').NOLBL
&LBL DS 0H
.NOLBL AIF ('&DSA' EQ 'NO').NODSA
L R13,4(,R13) LOAD PREVIOUS DSA
.NODSA ANOP
ST R15,16(,R13) SAVE RETURN CODE
LM R14,R12,12(R13) RELOAD REGS
BR R14 RETURN
LTORG
MEND
* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
SASCSRC START
*
* MAIN ENTRY POINT FOR ALL EXITS
*
USING SASCSRC,R15
STM R14,R12,12(R13)
L R2,0(,R1) LOAD FUNCTION CODE
L R15,CSRCFUNC(R2) LOAD FUNCTION ADDRESS
BR R15
*
CSRCFUNC DS 0A CSRC FUNCTIONS
DC A(CSRCINIT) INITIALIZATION
DC A(CSRCPARS) PARSE CSRC OPTIONS
DC A(CSRCOPEN) OPEN EXIT
DC A(CSRCREAD) READ EXIT
DC A(CSRCCNCT) CONCATENATION BOUNDARY EXIT
DC A(CSRCWRIT) WRITE EXIT
DC A(CSRCCLOS) CLOSE EXIT
*
* INITIALIZATION EXIT
*
CSRCINIT VXENTER DSA=NO
SPACE 1
USING PARMINIT,R1
*
* THIS EXIT RUNS ONLY IN ESA AND ABOVE RELEASES
* WHICH SUPPORT DECOMPRESSION.
* THE CODE CHECKS FOR IT FIRST. IF NOT ESA, THE INIT FAILS
*
L R15,16 LOAD CVT POINTER
USING CVT,R15 BASE FOR CVT MAPPING
TM CVTDCB,CVTOSEXT EXTENSION PRESENT
BNO NOTESA FAIL, NOT ESA
TM CVTOSLV0,CVTXAX SUPPORTS ESA
BNO NOTESA NOT AN ESA
DROP R15
L R3,=A(PWALENL) SET WORK AREA LENGTH...
L R2,INITMALN
ST R3,0(,R2) AS ABOVE THE 16M LINE LENGTH
SLR R15,R15 GOOD RC
XC EFLAG1,EFLAG1 CLEAR
OI EFLAG1,EX_ALC WILL USE ALLOC/FREE ROUTINES
B INITX RETURN
NOTESA DS 0H
LA R15,BADOS
ST R15,ERRMSG SAVE ERROR MESSAGE
INITX DS 0H
SPACE 1
VXRETURN DSA=NO
BADOS DC C'THIS SUPPORT IS NOT AVAILABLE IN THIS ENVIRONMENT'
DC XL1'00'
*
* PARSE EXIT
*
CSRCPARS VXENTER DSA=PWA
USING PARMPARS,R4
LR R4,R1 R4 IS PARMLIST BASE
SPACE 1
L R6,PARSOPTL R6 = OPTION NAME LENGTH
LTR R6,R6 IF 0
BZ PARSR RETURN OK
LA R15,4 SET BAD OPTION RC
L R7,PARSOPTN R7 -> OPTION NAME
L R8,PARSVALL R8 = OPTION VALUE LENGTH
L R9,PARSVAL R9 -> OPTION VALUE (VAR NAME)
SPACE 1
*---------------------------------------------*
* OPTION ACCEPTED IS: *
* CSRC RECL= *
*---------------------------------------------*
C R6,=F'4' IF LENGTH NOT 4
* BNE PARSX RETURN WITH ERROR
LTR R8,R8 IS IT =
BNZ PARSRECL THEN CHECK FOR RECL=
CLC 0(4,R7),=CL4'CSRC' IF NOT 'CSRC'
BNE PARSX RETURN WITH ERROR
B PARSR ELSE RETURN OK
*---------------------------------------------*
* PARSE RECL=NUM *
*---------------------------------------------*
PARSRECL DS 0H
CLC 0(4,R7),=CL4'RECL' IF NOT 'RECL'
BNE PARSX RETURN WITH ERROR
CH R8,=H'16' GREATER THAN 16
BNL PARSX INVALID VALUE
BCTR R8,0 MINUS 1 FOR EXECUTE
XC TEMP,TEMP CLEAR
EX R8,CONNUM CONVERT TO NUMBER
*CONNUM PACK TEMP(0),0(R9)
CVB R0,TEMP CONVERT TO BINARY
ST R0,RECL SAVE RECL
SPACE 1
PARSR SLR R15,R15 RETURN OK
SPACE 1
PARSX VXRETURN DSA=PWA
CONNUM PACK TEMP(8),0(0,R9) *** EXECUTE ****
*
* OPEN EXIT
*
CSRCOPEN VXENTER DSA=PWA
USING PARMOPEN,R1
SPACE 1
LA R15,NOINPUT SET -> NO INPUT ERROR MESSAGE
L R4,RECL LOAD USER RECLEN
LTR R4,R4 HAS IT BEEN SET?
BNZ *+8
LH R4,=Y(32676) SET LRECL=32K BY DEFAULT
SPACE 1
LA R15,DLENBIG SET -> DATALENGTH TOO BIG MESSAGE
L R2,OPENZLEN
L R3,0(,R2) R3 = DATA LENGTH OF EACH RECORD
CR R3,R4 IF GREATER THAN CSRC MAXIMUM
BH OPENX RETURN ERROR
SPACE 1
ST R4,0(,R2) RETURN LENGTH TO THE SAS SYSTEM
ST R4,RECL SAVE LENGTH
*
* ALLOCATION OF BUFFER FOR INPUT RECORDS
*
LA R1,PARM POINT TO PARMAREA
XC PARM,PARM CLEAR
USING PARMALC,R1
ST R10,ALCEXIT COPY HOST BAG POINTER
LA R15,MEMADDR
ST R15,ALCPTR PLACE TO RETURN MEM ADDRESS
ST R4,ALCLEN LENGTH OF MEMORY NEEDED
L R15,ALLOC LOAD MEMORY ALLOCATE ROUTINE
BALR R14,R15 ALLOCATION OF MEMORY
LTR R15,R15 WAS MEMORY ALLOCATED?
BNZ OPENMEM IF NOT, OPERATION FAILS
*
* QUERY THE COMPRESS SERVICE
*
LA R0,1 USE RUN LENGTH ENCODING
CSRCESRV SERVICE=QUERY QUERY IT
LTR R15,R15 EVERYTHING OK
BNZ OPENERR IF NOT, FAIL WITH MESSAGE
LTR R1,R1 REQUIRE WORK AREA
BZ OPENX IF NOT, END
LR R0,R1 SAVE R1
LA R1,PARM POINT TO PARMLIST
LA R15,MEMWK ALLOCATE WORK AREA
ST R15,ALCPTR PLACE TO RETURN MEM ADDRESS
ST R0,ALCLEN LENGTH OF MEMORY NEEDED
L R15,ALLOC LOAD MEMORY ALLOCATE ROUTINE
BALR R14,R15 ALLOCATION OF MEMORY
LTR R15,R15 WAS MEMORY ALLOCATED?
BNZ OPENMEM IF NOT, OPERATION FAILS
B OPENX RETURN, OPERATION IS DONE
OPENERR DS 0H
XC TEMP,TEMP CONVERT RC TO DECIMAL
CVD R15,TEMP CONVERT TO DECIMAL
MVC MSG(BADESRVL),BADESRV MOVE IN SKELETON
UNPK MSG+BADESRVL-3(2),TEMP UNPACK
OI MSG+BADESRVL-2,X'F0' MAKE IT PRINTABLE
LA R15,MSG SET MESSAGE
ST R15,ERRMSG SET -> ERROR MESSAGE, IF ANY
LA R15,8
B OPENX
OPENMEM DS 0H
LA R15,NOMEMORY
SPACE 1
OPENX DS 0H
ST R15,ERRMSG SET -> ERROR MESSAGE, IF ANY
* R15 = EITHER 0 OR NONZERO
VXRETURN DSA=PWA
*
NOINPUT DC C'CSRC: DECOMPRESS DOES NOT SUPPORT OUTPUT'
DC XL1'00'
NOFIXED DC C'CSRC: DECOMPRESS DOES NOT SUPPORT FIXED LENGTH RECORDS'
DC XL1'00'
DLENBIG DC C'DATASET DATALENGTH > CSRC MAXIMUM'
DC XL1'00'
NOMEMORY DC C'CSRC: UNABLE TO OBTAIN MEMORY'
DC XL1'00'
BADESRV DC C'CSRC: NON ZERO RETURN CODE FROM QUERY, RC = '
BADESRVN DC H'0'
DC XL1'00'
BADESRVL EQU *-BADESRV
*---------------------------------------------------------------
* READ EXIT
*
* THIS EXIT DECOMPRESSES EACH RECORD
*---------------------------------------------------------------
CSRCREAD VXENTER DSA=PWA
USING PARMREAD,R1
SPACE 1
L R8,READRECL R8 -> RECORD LENGTH
L R9,READRECA R9 -> RECORD ADDRESS
L R3,0(,R8) R3 = RECORD LENGTH
L R2,0(,R9) R2 = RECORD ADDRESS
L R1,MEMWK LOAD WORK AREA ADDRESS
L R4,MEMADDR R4 = OUTPUT BUFFER
L R5,RECL R5 = OUTPUT BUFFER LENGTH
CSRCESRV SERVICE=EXPAND
LTR R15,R15 EVERYTHING OK
BNZ READERR IF NOT, SET ERROR AND RETURN
L R15,MEMADDR START OF BUFFER
SR R4,R15 MINUS LAST BYTE USED
ST R4,0(,R8) LENGTH OF UNCOMPRESSED RECORD
ST R15,0(,R9) SAVE UNCOMPRESSED REC ADDRESS
SLR R15,R15 SET GOOD RC
B READX RETURN TO USER
READERR DS 0H
XC TEMP,TEMP CONVERT RC TO DECIMAL
CVD R15,TEMP CONVERT TO DECIMAL
MVC MSG(EXPERRL),EXPERR MOVE IN SKELETON
UNPK MSG+EXPERRL-3(2),TEMP UNPACK
OI MSG+EXPERRL-2,X'F0' MAKE IT PRINTABLE
LA R15,MSG SET MESSAGE
ST R15,ERRMSG SET -> ERROR MESSAGE, IF ANY
LA R15,8
*
SPACE 1
READX DS 0H
VXRETURN DSA=PWA
SPACE ,
EXPERR DC C'CSRC NON ZERO RETURN CODE FROM EXPAND, RC = '
EXPERRN DC H'0'
DC XL1'00'
EXPERRL EQU *-EXPERR
*
*
* CONCATENATION EXIT
*
CSRCCNCT VXENTER DSA=PWA
SPACE 1
SLR R15,R15
VXRETURN DSA=PWA
*---------------------------------------------------------------
* WRITE EXIT
*
* THIS EXIT COMPRESSES EACH RECORD
*---------------------------------------------------------------
CSRCWRIT VXENTER DSA=PWA
USING PARMWRIT,R1
L R8,WRITRECL R8 -> RECORD LENGTH
L R9,WRITRECA R9 -> RECORD ADDRESS
L R3,0(,R8) R3 = RECORD LENGTH
L R2,0(,R9) R2 = RECORD ADDRESS
L R1,MEMWK LOAD WORK AREA ADDRESS
L R4,MEMADDR R4 = OUTPUT BUFFER
L R5,RECL R5 = OUTPUT BUFFER LENGTH
CSRCESRV SERVICE=COMPRESS
LTR R15,R15 EVERYTHING OK
BNZ WRITERR IF NOT, SET ERROR AND RETURN
L R15,MEMADDR START OF BUFFER
SR R4,R15 MINUS LAST BYTE USED
ST R4,0(,R8) LENGTH OF RECORD
ST R15,0(,R9) SAVE NEW RECORD ADDRESS
SLR R15,R15 SET GOOD RC
B WRITEX RETURN TO USER
WRITERR DS 0H
XC TEMP,TEMP CONVERT RC TO DECIMAL
CVD R15,TEMP CONVERT TO DECIMAL
MVC MSG(WRTERRL),WRTERR MOVE IN SKELETON
UNPK MSG+WRTERRL-3(2),TEMP UNPACK
OI MSG+WRTERRL-2,X'F0' MAKE IT PRINTABLE
LA R15,MSG SET MESSAGE
ST R15,ERRMSG SET -> ERROR MESSAGE, IF ANY
LA R15,8
SPACE 1
SPACE 1
WRITEX DS 0H
VXRETURN DSA=PWA
WRTERR DC C'CSRC: NON ZERO RETURN CODE FROM COMPRESS, RC = '
WRTERRN DC H'0'
DC XL1'00'
WRTERRL EQU *-WRTERR
LTORG
*
* CLOSE EXIT
*
CSRCCLOS VXENTER DSA=PWA
SLR R15,R15
LA R1,PARM
XC PARM,PARM
USING PARMFRE,R1
ST R10,FREEXIT
L R15,MEMADDR
ST R15,FREPTR
L R15,FREE
BALR R14,R15
VXRETURN DSA=PWA
*
R0 EQU 0
R1 EQU 1
R2 EQU 2
R3 EQU 3
R4 EQU 4
R5 EQU 5
R6 EQU 6
R7 EQU 7
R8 EQU 8
R9 EQU 9
R10 EQU 10
R11 EQU 11
R12 EQU 12
R13 EQU 13
R14 EQU 14
R15 EQU 15
*
VXEXIT ,
*
PWA DSECT PROGRAM WORK AREA
PWASAVE DS 32F SAVE AREA
TEMP DS D
RECL DS F
SAVE DS 32F
PARM DS CL(PARMALCL)
MEMADDR DS F
MEMWK DS F
MSG DS CL200
PWALENL EQU *-PWA LENGTH OF CSRC WORK AREA
CVT DSECT=YES
*
END
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Copyright 1999 by SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA. All rights reserved.