Extending SAS Survival Analysis Techniques for Medical Research

Table of Contents

Preface
Chapter 1 What Is Survival Analysis?

1. The Nature of Survival Data
2. Calendar Time and Study Time
3. An Example
4. Functions that Describe Survival
5. Some Commonly Used Survival Functions
6. Functions that Allow for Cure
7. Parametric and Nonparametric Methods
8. Parameters, Estimates, and the "hat" Notation
9. Some Common Assumptions

Chapter 2 Nonparametric Survival Function

Estimation
1. The Kaplan-Meier Estimate of the Survival Function
2. The Actuarial Life Table
3. Estimates of the Variance of the Kaplan-Meier Estimator
4. Hypothesis Tests and Confidence Intervals Based on
Asymptotic Normality
5. Some Problems with the Kaplan-Meier Estimator of S(t)
6. Using PROC LIFETEST
7. An Example of the Use of PROC LIFETEST
8. Two Macros as Alternatives to PROC LIFETEST
9. Planning a Study to Control the Standard Error
10. Interval Censored Data
11. Additional Details

Chapter 3 Nonparametric Comparison of Survival

Distributions
1. Notation
2. The Log Rank Statistic
3. More Than Two Groups
4. Other Linear Rank Tests
5. Using the LIFETEST Procedure
6. A Test for Trend
7. Stratified Analyses
8. The Macro LINRANK
9. The Mantel-Byar Method

10. Power Analysis
11. Complete Macros
Chapter 4 Proportional Hazards Regression

1. The Cox (Proportional Hazards) Regression Method
2. Multiple Covariates
3. Defining Covariates
4. Survival Probabilities
5. Using PROC PHREG
6. Model Building Considerations
7. Time Dependent Covariates
8. Checking the Proportional Hazards Assumption
9. Survival Probabilities
10. Power and Sample Size
11. Additional Details

Chapter 5 Parametric Methods

1. Introduction
2. The Accelerated Failure Time Model
3. PROC LIFEREG
4. An Example of the Use of PROC LIFEREG
5. Comparison of Models
6. Estimates of Quantiles and Survival Probabilities
7. The PROC LIFEREG Parameters and the "Standard" Parameters
8. The Macro PARAMEST
9. An Example of How to Use the Macro PARAMEST
10. An Example with a Positive Cure Rate
11. Comparison of Groups
12. One-Sample Tests of Parameters
13. The Effects of Covariates on Parameters
14. Complex Expressions for the Survival and Hazard Functions
15. Graphical Checks for Certain Survival Distributions
16. A Macro for Fitting Parametric Models to Survival Data
17. Other Estimates of Interest
18. Complete Macros
References

Index