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SAS/GRAPH Software: Reference |
The valid color-naming schemes are
For the CMYK color scheme, color specifications must be enclosed in quotation marks. For all other color schemes, the quotes are optional.
You can freely intermix color-naming schemes in your programs; however, depending on your device capabilities, the color that is displayed may not be the color that you expect. See Device Capabilities for information on how to tell if your device supports user-defined colors.
Note: The colors shown in the output in this book may be different from the colors
you see on your device.
RGB Color Codes |
The components are given as hexadecimal numbers in the range 00 through FF. This allows for up to 256 levels of each color component. For example, bright red is specified as CXFF0000, white as CXFFFFFF, black as CX000000, and green as CX00FF00.
Any combination of the color components is valid. Some combinations will match the color produced by predefined SAS color names. Refer to Predefined SAS Colors That Can Be Used in SAS/GRAPH Software for those combinations that match predefined SAS color names.
CMYK Color Codes |
The components are given as quoted hexadecimal numbers in the range 00 through FF. This scheme allows for up to 256 levels of each color component. For example, red is specified as '00FFFF00', green as 'FF00FF00', process black (uses cyan, magenta, and yellow ink) as 'FFFFFF00', and pure black (uses only black ink) as '000000FF'. For CMYK color specifications, the quotes are required.
CMYK color specifications should only be used for devices that support four colors. If a CMYK color is used on a three-color device, the color specification will be mapped to a color that the device supports, but the resulting colors may not be appealing. Moreover, different CMYK colors may map to the same device color because a four-color space supports more colors than a three-color space.
HLS Color Codes |
You can use the HLS color-naming scheme to specify colors in terms of hue, lightness, and saturation components. SAS/GRAPH software uses an HLS color scheme that is modeled directly after the Tektronix Color Standard, which is shown in Tektronix Color Standard. HLS color names are of the form Hhhhllss, where
The components are given as hexadecimal numbers. The hue component has the range 000 through FFF. Valid values are 000 through 360 (168 base 16). If the value for the Hue is greater than 360 (168 base 16), the Hue will be calculated by using modular arithmetic with a modulus of 360 (168 base 16). Both the lightness and saturation components are hexadecimal and have the range 00 through FF. Thus, they provide 256 levels for each component. For example, bright blue is specified as H14066FF and light gray as H000BB00. White is defined as Hxxx FF00 and black as Hxxx 0000, where xxx can be any hue. For white and black, the lightness component determines the intensity of the gray level. When the saturation is zero, the color is a shade of gray that is determined by the lightness value.
Any combination of the color components is valid. Some combinations will match the color produced by predefined SAS color names. Refer to Predefined SAS Colors That Can Be Used in SAS/GRAPH Software for those combinations that match predefined SAS color names.
HSV (or HSB) Color Codes |
The components are given as hexadecimal numbers. The hue component has the range 000 through FFF. Valid values are 000 through 360 (168 base 16). If the value for the Hue is greater than 360 (168 base 16), the Hue will be calculated by using modular arithmetic with a modulus of 360 (168 base 16). Both the saturation and value (brightness) components are hexadecimal and have the range 00 through FF (when the saturation is zero, the color is a shade of gray determined by the value). Thus, they provide 256 levels for each component.
For example, bright blue is specified as V0C8FFCC, light gray as Vxxx00BB, and White as Vxxx00FF, where xxx can be any hue. For white and black, the value component determines the intensity of gray level. Any combination of the color components is valid.
Gray-Scale Color Codes |
Predefined SAS Colors |
To specify colors in intuitive terms, use the predefined SAS color names, which form a color by combining the abbreviations for prefixes and prefix hues with the abbreviations for the names of several common hues. See Abbreviations for Hues and Prefixes Used in Predefined SAS/GRAPH Color Names.
Hue | Abbreviation | Prefix | Abbreviation |
---|---|---|---|
red | R | pale | PA |
pink | PK | brilliant | BI |
olive | OL | light | LI |
brown | BR | moderate | MO |
orange | O | medium | ME |
yellow | Y | strong | ST |
yellow-green | LG | dark | DA |
yellowish green | YG | deep | DE |
green | G | vivid | VI |
blue | B | very pale | VPA |
purple | P | very light | VLI |
violet | V | very dark | VDA |
gray | GR | very deep | VDE |
black | BL | ||
white | WH |
Predefined SAS color names follow the formulas prefix+hue, prefix+hue+hue, or prefix+hue+hue+hue. For example, the common hue red can be denoted by R. The common prefixes grayish and dark can be denoted by GR and DA. To construct the color dark grayish red, combine the prefix DA, the prefix hue GR, and the hue R to form the predefined SAS color DAGRR. The predefined colors are approximations only and may not produce the same results on different devices.
Generally, to describe a predefined SAS color name that uses more than one hue, add the suffix ish to the name of each prefix hue. In the previous example, the color name from the prefix dark and the hues gray and red is described as dark grayish red (DAGRR).
Not all combinations of prefixes and hues are available as predefined SAS color names. You can specify colors that do not have a predefined SAS color name by using the RGB, HLS, HSV, CMYK, or gray-scale color-naming schemes.
Predefined SAS Colors That Can Be Used in SAS/GRAPH Software provides a comprehensive list of the predefined SAS color names that you can use. The table lists the predefined SAS color name followed by the description and the equivalent RGB and HLS values.
Note: Hardware
characteristics may cause some colors with different color definitions to
appear the same. Also, the same predefined color is likely to appear different
on different devices and may not appear correct on some devices.
Color Name | Color Description | RGB | HLS |
---|---|---|---|
Basic Hues | |||
BLACK | BL | black | CX000000 | H0000000 |
BLUE | B | blue | CX0000FF | H00080FF |
BROWN | BR | brown | CXA05000 | H09650FF |
CHARCOAL | charcoal | CX4F4F4F | H0784F00 |
CREAM | cream | CXE8D898 | H0A8C0A2 |
CYAN | cyan | CX00FFFF | H12C80FF |
GOLD | gold | CXFFAA00 | H0A080FF |
GRAY | GREY | GR | A | gray | CX808080 | H0008000 |
GREEN | G | green | CX00FF00 | H0F080FF |
LILAC | lilac | CXE06090 | H062A0AC |
LIME | lime | CXC0FF81 | H0D2C0FF |
MAGENTA | magenta | CXFF00FF | H03C80FF |
MAROON | maroon | CX700000 | H07838FF |
OLIVE | olive | CX2A8307 | H0DF45E6 |
ORANGE | O | orange | CXFF8000 | H09680FF |
PINK | pink | CXFF0080 | H05980FF |
PURPLE | P | purple | CX703070 | H03C5066 |
RED | R | red | CXFF0000 | H07880FF |
ROSE | rose | CXFF6060 | H078B0FF |
SALMON | salmon | CXFF0055 | H06480FF |
STEEL | steel | CX3883A8 | H1407080 |
TAN | tan | CXE0A860 | H09AA0AC |
VIOLET | violet | CXB090D0 | H01EB067 |
WHITE | WH | W | white | CXFFFFFF | H000FF00 |
YELLOW | Y | yellow | CXFFFF00 | H0B480FF |
Blacks | |||
RBK | reddish black | CX191919 | H06D1904 |
BRBL | brownish black | CX010101 | H0980101 |
GBL | greenish black | CX191919 | H0F81900 |
OLBL | olive black | CX191919 | H0CB1900 |
PBL | purplish black | CX191919 | H0341901 |
BBL | bluish black | CX191919 | H0011901 |
Blues | |||
VIGB | vivid greenish blue | CX13478C | H14E4FC3 |
BIGB | brilliant greenish blue | CX4D7EBF | H14E8679 |
STGB | strong greenish blue | CX2E4C73 | H14E506D |
DEGB | deep greenish blue | CX142233 | H14E246D |
LIGB | light greenish blue | CX6E86A6 | H14E8A3C |
VLIGB | very light greenish blue | CX90B0D9 | H14EB57C |
MOGB | moderate greenish blue | CX4C5D73 | H14E6033 |
DAGB | dark greenish blue | CX2A3440 | H14E3533 |
VDAGB | very dark greenish blue | CX121519 | H14E162D |
VIB | vivid blue | CX090766 | H00136DF |
BIB | brilliant blue | CX3230B2 | H0017194 |
STB | strong blue | CX201F73 | H0014994 |
DEB | deep blue | CX100F26 | H0011B6D |
PAB | pale blue | CX8585A6 | H0019528 |
VPAB | very pale blue | CXAEADD9 | H001C35C |
GRB | grayish blue | CX5C5C73 | H001671C |
DAGRB | dark grayish blue | CX373740 | H0013B12 |
VIPB | vivid purplish blue | CX2B0766 | H01736DF |
BIPB | brilliant purplish blue | CX6130B2 | H0177194 |
STPB | strong purplish blue | CX3F1F73 | H0174994 |
DEPB | deep purplish blue | CX180F26 | H0171B6D |
VLIPB | very light purplish blue | CXA37AE5 | H017B0AD |
LIPB | light purplish blue | CX6D5299 | H017754E |
MOPB | moderate purplish blue | CX3F3059 | H017444E |
DAPB | dark purplish blue | CX151219 | H017162D |
LIB | light blue | CX5A58A6 | H0017F4E |
VLIB | very light blue | CX7674D9 | H001A691 |
MOB | moderate blue | CX3E3D73 | H001584E |
DAB | dark blue | CX1B1B26 | H001212D |
PAPB | pale purplish blue | CX8A7AA6 | H0179033 |
VPAPB | very pale purplish blue | CXC0A8E5 | H017C78B |
GRPB | grayish purplish blue | CX4A4159 | H0174D27 |
BLB | blackish blue | CX171719 | H001180D |
Browns | |||
LIBR | light brown | CX8C7962 | H098772D |
MOBR | moderate brown | CX594E41 | H0984D27 |
DABR | dark brown | CX191714 | H098171C |
LIGRBR | light grayish brown | CX8C887A | H0A58313 |
GRBR | grayish brown | CX59564D | H0A55312 |
DAGRBR | dark grayish brown | CX33322E | H0A5300D |
STYBR | strong yellowish brown | CX806A2B | H0A5557F |
DEYBR | deep yellowish brown | CX332E14 | H0AA246D |
LIYBR | light yellowish brown | CXA69F7A | H0AA9033 |
MOYBR | moderate yellowish brown | CX736E58 | H0AA6522 |
DAYBR | dark yellowish brown | CX26251F | H0AA221C |
LIGRYBR | light grayish yellowish brown | CXA6A18A | H0AA9822 |
GRYBR | grayish yellowish brown | CX737060 | H0AA6917 |
DAGRYBR | dark grayish yellowish brown | CX403E37 | H0AA3B12 |
LIOLBR | light olive brown | CX8B8C4B | H0B56C4E |
MOOLBR | moderate olive brown | CX595936 | H0B54740 |
DAOLBR | dark olive brown | CX26261C | H0B52127 |
STBR | strong brown | CX593B18 | H0983994 |
STRBR | strong reddish brown | CX4C2714 | H08C3094 |
DERBR | deep reddish brown | CX26150D | H08C1980 |
LIRBR | light reddish brown | CX8C7367 | H08C7A27 |
MORBR | moderate reddish brown | CX59453B | H08C4A33 |
DARBR | dark reddish brown | CX191614 | H08C171C |
LIGRRBR | light grayish reddish brown | CX8C7D75 | H08C8118 |
GRRBR | grayish reddish brown | CX594F4A | H08C5217 |
DAGRRBR | dark grayish reddish brown | CX332E2C | H08C3012 |
DEBR | deep brown | CX261C0F | H0981B6D |
Grays | |||
LIBRGR | light brownish gray | CX8C8883 | H098880A |
BRGR | brownish gray | CX595753 | H0985609 |
PKGR | pinkish gray | CXBFB2B5 | H06DB917 |
RGR | reddish gray | CX8C8385 | H06D880A |
DARGR | dark reddish gray | CX595354 | H06D5609 |
YGR | yellowish gray | CXBBBFAC | H0C2B621 |
LIGGR | light greenish gray | CXBFBFBF | H0F8BF01 |
GGR | greenish gray | CX8C8C8C | H0F88C01 |
DAGGR | dark greenish gray | CX595959 | H0F85900 |
LIOLGR | light olive gray | CX878C7E | H0CB850F |
LIPGR | light purplish gray | CXBDB2BF | H034B917 |
PGR | purplish gray | CX8B838C | H034880A |
DAPGR | dark purplish gray | CX585359 | H0345609 |
LIGR | light gray | CXBFBFBF | H000BF00 |
MEGR | medium gray | CX8C8C8C | H0008C00 |
DAGR | dark gray | CX595959 | H0005900 |
LTGRAY | light gray | CXC0C0C0 | H000C000 |
DAGRAY | dark gray | CX404040 | H0004000 |
LIBGR | light bluish gray | CXB3B2BF | H001B917 |
BGR | bluish gray | CX83838C | H001880A |
OLGR | olive gray | CX575953 | H0CB5609 |
DABGR | dark bluish gray | CX535359 | H0015609 |
VIBG | vivid bluish green | CX138C89 | H12A4FC3 |
BIBG | brilliant bluish green | CX4DBFBC | H12A8679 |
STBG | strong bluish green | CX2E7371 | H12A506D |
DEBG | deep bluish green | CX143332 | H12A246D |
LIBG | light bluish green | CX6EA6A4 | H12A8A3C |
VLIBG | very light bluish green | CX90D9D7 | H12AB57C |
MOBG | moderate bluish green | CX4C7372 | H12A6033 |
DABG | dark bluish green | CX2D403F | H12A362D |
VDABG | very dark bluish green | CX121919 | H12A162D |
VILG | vivid yellow-green | CX44A616 | H0DD5EC3 |
BILG | brilliant yellow-green | CX88E55C | H0DDA1BA |
STLG | strong yellow-green | CX5B993D | H0DD6B6D |
DELG | deep yellow-green | CX3C6629 | H0DD476D |
LILG | light yellow-green | CXB1E599 | H0DDBF99 |
MOLG | moderate yellow-green | CX769966 | H0DD7F33 |
PALG | pale yellow-green | CXD1E5C7 | H0DDD660 |
GRLG | grayish yellow-green | CX8B9985 | H0DD8F17 |
STOLG | strong olive green | CX264C14 | H0DD3094 |
DEOLG | deep olive green | CX15260D | H0DD1980 |
MOOLG | moderate olive green | CX45593B | H0DD4A33 |
DAOLG | dark olive green | CX1F261C | H0DD2127 |
GROLG | grayish olive green | CX8B9985 | H0DD8F17 |
DAGROLG | dark grayish olive green | CX2E332C | H0DD3012 |
VIYG | vivid yellowish green | CX16A629 | H0F85EC3 |
BIYG | brilliant yellowish green | CX52CC62 | H0F88F8B |
STYG | strong yellowish green | CX388C4C | H0F8626D |
DEYG | deep yellowish green | CX185920 | H0F83994 |
VDEYG | very deep yellowish green | CX0A260E | H0F81894 |
VLIYG | very light yellowish green | CX9EEDA8 | H0F8C6B0 |
LIYG | light yellowish green | CX80BF88 | H0F89F55 |
MOYG | moderate yellowish green | CX5D8C64 | H0F87533 |
DAYG | dark yellowish green | CX3B593F | H0F84A33 |
VDAYG | very dark yellowish green | CX172118 | H0F81C2D |
VIG | vivid green | CX118044 | H10C48C3 |
BIG | brilliant green | CX4DBF81 | H10C8679 |
STG | strong green | CX2E734E | H10C506D |
DEG | deep green | CX143322 | H10C246D |
LIG | light green | CX6EA688 | H10C8A3C |
VLIG | very light green | CX99E5BC | H10CBF99 |
MOG | moderate green | CX4C735E | H10C6033 |
DAG | dark green | CX364C40 | H10C412D |
VDAG | very dark green | CX121915 | H10C162D |
PAG | pale green | CX90A69A | H10C9B1C |
VPAG | very pale green | CXBCD9C5 | H103CA46 |
GRG | grayish green | CX63736A | H10C6B12 |
DAGRG | dark grayish green | CX454C48 | H10C490D |
BLG | blackish green | CX171918 | H10C180D |
Olives | |||
LIOL | light olive | CX628033 | H0CB596D |
MOOL | moderate olive | CX47592A | H0CB415D |
DAOL | dark olive | CX161911 | H0CB1533 |
LIGROL | light grayish olive | CX838C75 | H0CB8118 |
GROL | grayish olive | CX54594A | H0CB5217 |
DAGROL | dark grayish olive | CX30332C | H0CB3012 |
Oranges | |||
VIRO | vivid reddish orange | CX803009 | H08C44DF |
STRO | strong reddish orange | CX8C411C | H08C54AA |
DERO | deep reddish orange | CX662F14 | H08C3DAA |
MORO | moderate reddish orange | CX8C5438 | H08C626D |
DARO | dark reddish orange | CX663D29 | H08C476D |
GRRO | grayish reddish orange | CX8C6754 | H08C7040 |
VIO | vivid orange | CXB26306 | H0985CEF |
BIO | brilliant orange | CXD9892B | H0988281 |
STO | strong orange | CXA66921 | H09863AA |
DEO | deep orange | CX80511A | H0984DAA |
LIO | light orange | CXD9A465 | H0989F99 |
MOO | moderate orange | CXA67D4D | H0987A5D |
BRO | brownish orange | CX80603C | H0985E5D |
Pinks | |||
VIPK | vivid pink | CXCC1B2B | H06D74C3 |
STPK | strong pink | CXD9576E | H06D98A1 |
DEPK | deep pink | CX99293D | H06D6194 |
LIPK | light pink | CXE599A7 | H06DBF99 |
MOPK | moderate pink | CXBA7C87 | H06D9B4F |
DAPK | dark pink | CX995C67 | H06D7A40 |
GRPK | grayish pink | CXBA9BA1 | H06DAB2F |
PAPK | pale pink | CXE5BFC6 | H06DD26D |
VIYPK | vivid yellowish pink | CXCC2B1B | H07D74C3 |
STYPK | strong yellowish pinf | CXCC5D52 | H07D8F8B |
DEYPK | deep yellowish pink | CX993329 | H0706194 |
LIYPK | light yellowish pink | CXE5A099 | H07DBF99 |
MOYPK | moderate yellowish pink | CXBF8580 | H07D9F55 |
DAYPK | dark yellowish pink | CX99615C | H07D7A40 |
PAYPK | pale yellowish pink | CXE5C5C2 | H07DD468 |
GRYPK | grayish yellowish pink | CXBFA5A2 | H07DB130 |
BRPK | brownish pink | CXBFB9A6 | H0A5B22A |
STPPK | strong purplish pink | CXB2309E | H0467194 |
DEPPK | deep purplish pink | CX991F85 | H0465CAA |
LIPPK | light purplish pink | CXD974C9 | H046A691 |
MOPPK | moderate purplish pink | CXB25FA5 | H046895A |
DAPPK | dark purplish pink | CX995278 | H058754E |
PAPPK | pale purplish pink | CXE5B8D0 | H058CF79 |
GRPPK | grayish purplish pink | CXB28FA2 | H058A130 |
BIPPK | brilliant purplish pink | CXD93ABF | H04689AC |
Purples | |||
VIP | vivid purple | CX6F0980 | H0347194 |
BIP | brilliant purple | CXA030B2 | H0347194 |
STP | strong purple | CX671F73 | H0344994 |
DEP | deep purple | CX3E1745 | H0342E80 |
VDEP | very deep purple | CX170819 | H034117F |
LIP | light purple | CX9B58A6 | H0347F4E |
VLIP | very light purple | CXCB74D9 | H034A691 |
MOP | moderate purple | CX6B3D73 | H034584E |
DAP | dark purple | CX423045 | H0343B2D |
VDAP | very dark purple | CX181219 | H034162D |
PAP | pale purple | CXA185A6 | H0349528 |
VPAP | very pale purple | CXD3ADD9 | H034C35C |
GRP | grayish purple | CX705C73 | H034671C |
DAGRP | dark grayish purple | CX443C45 | H0344012 |
BLP | blackish purple | CX191719 | H034180D |
VIRP | vivid reddish purple | CX59064C | H04630DF |
STRP | strong reddish purple | CX731F65 | H0464994 |
DERP | deep reddish purple | CX45173E | H0462E80 |
VDERP | very deep reddish purple | CX190817 | H046117F |
LIRP | light reddish purple | CX99528E | H046754E |
MORP | moderate reddish purple | CX733D6A | H046584E |
DARP | dark reddish purple | CX453042 | H0463B2D |
VDARP | very dark reddish purple | CX191218 | H046162D |
GRRP | grayish reddish purple | CX73546E | H0466327 |
PARP | pale reddish purple | CX997092 | H046852A |
Reds | |||
VIR | vivid red | CX33070F | H06D1DC3 |
STR | strong red | CX731727 | H06D45AA |
DER | deep red | CX4C1923 | H06D3380 |
VDER | very deep red | CX190A0D | H06D126D |
MOR | moderate red | CX732E3A | H06D506D |
DAR | dark red | CX40262B | H06D3340 |
VDAR | very dark red | CX191213 | H06D162D |
LIGRR | light grayish red | CX997078 | H06D852A |
GRR | grayish red | CX73545A | H06D6327 |
LIGRPR | light grayish purplish red | CX997086 | H058852A |
DAGRR | dark grayish red | CX453C3D | H06D4012 |
BLR | blackish red | CX191717 | H06D180D |
VIPR | vivid purplish red | CX4C052C | H05829DF |
STPR | strong purplish red | CX731749 | H05745AA |
DEPR | deep purplish red | CX45122E | H0582C94 |
VDEPR | very deep purplish red | CX190A12 | H058126D |
MOPR | moderate purplish red | CX732E53 | H058506D |
DAPR | dark purplish red | CX452938 | H0583740 |
GRPR | grayish purplish red | CX734C61 | H0586033 |
VDAPR | very dark purplish red | CX191216 | H058162D |
Violets | |||
VIV | vivid violet | CX53098C | H0244BDF |
BIV | brilliant violet | CX7930B2 | H0227194 |
STV | strong violet | CX3C1859 | H0223994 |
DEV | deep violet | CX1B0D26 | H0221980 |
LIV | light violet | CX7A5299 | H022754E |
VLIV | very light violet | CXAC74D9 | H022A691 |
MOV | moderate violet | CX473059 | H022444E |
DAV | dark violet | CX161219 | H022162D |
PAV | pale violet | CX877099 | H022852A |
VPAV | very pale violet | CXCBA8E5 | H022C78B |
GRV | grayish violet | CX4F4159 | H0224D27 |
Whites | |||
YWH | yellowish white | CXE8EDD5 | H0C2E166 |
GWH | greenish white | CXECEDEC | H0F8ED06 |
PKWH | pinkish white | CXEDDDE0 | H06DE54E |
PWH | purplish white | CXEBDDED | H034E54E |
BWH | bluish white | CXDEDDED | H001E54E |
Yellows | |||
VIOY | vivid orange-yellow | CXBF9106 | H0A563EF |
BIOY | brilliant orange-yellow | CXE5B82E | H0A58AC8 |
STOY | strong orange-yellow | CXBF9926 | H0A573AA |
DEOY | deep orange-yellow | CX997A1F | H0A55CAA |
LIOY | light orange-yellow | CXE5C76B | H0A5A8B4 |
MOOY | moderate orange-yellow | CXBAA157 | H0A5896B |
DAOY | dark orange-yellow | CX998547 | H0A5705D |
PAOY | pale orange-yellow | CXE5D4A1 | H0A5C392 |
DAY | dark yellow | CX99BF1A | H0C26CC3 |
PAY | pale yellow | CXC6E55C | H0C2A1BA |
GRY | grayish yellow | CXA3BF46 | H0C2837C |
DAGRY | dark grayish yellow | CX839938 | H0C26976 |
VIGY | vivid greenish yellow | CXCDE57A | H0C2B0AD |
BIGY | brilliant greenish yellow | CXABBF66 | H0C29369 |
STGY | strong greenish yellow | CX899952 | H0C2754E |
DEGY | deep greenish yellow | CXD9E5B0 | H0C2CB83 |
VIY | vivid yellow | CXB5BF93 | H0C2A942 |
BIY | brilliant yellow | CX8E996B | H0C2822F |
STY | strong yellow | CX80BF1A | H0CB6CC3 |
DEY | deep yellow | CXAEE554 | H0CB9DB0 |
LIY | light yellow | CX8DBA44 | H0CB7F76 |
MOY | moderate yellow | CX749938 | H0CB6976 |
LIGY | light greenish yellow | CXBDE57A | H0CBB0AD |
MOGY | moderate greenish yellow | CX9DBF66 | H0CB9396 |
DAGY | dark greenish yellow | CX7E9952 | H0CB754E |
GRGY | grayish greenish yellow | CXA9BF86 | H0CBA34F |
PAGY | pale greenish yellow | CXCBE5A1 | H0CBC392 |
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Copyright 1999 by SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA. All rights reserved.