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The GCHART Procedure

HBAR, HBAR3D, VBAR, and VBAR3D Statements

Create horizontal or vertical bar charts in which the length or height of the bars represents the value of the chart statistic for each category of data.

Requirements: At least one chart variable is required.
Global statements: AXIS, LEGEND, PATTERN, TITLE, FOOTNOTE
Supports: Drill-down functionality


Description

The HBAR, HBAR3D, VBAR, and VBAR3D statements specify the variable or variables that define the categories of data to chart. These statements automatically

You can use statement options to select or order the midpoints (bars), to control the tick marks on the response axis, to change the type of chart statistic, to display specific statistics, and to modify the appearance of the chart. You can also specify additional variables by which to group, subgroup, or sum the data.

All bar charts allow grouping, which uses an additional category to organize the bars into groups, and subgrouping, which divides the bars into segments.

In addition, you can use global statements to modify the axes (including requesting a logarithmic axis), the bar patterns, and the legend, as well as add titles, footnotes, and notes to the chart. You can also use an Annotate data set to enhance the chart.

Syntax

HBAR | HBAR3D | VBAR | VBAR3D chart-variable(s) </ option(s); >

option(s) can be one or more options from any or all of the following categories:

Required Arguments

chart-variable(s)
specifies one or more variables that define the categories of data to chart. Each chart variable draws a separate chart. All variables must be in the input data set. Multiple chart variables must be separated with blanks.
See also: About Chart Variables

Options

Options in an HBAR, HBAR3D, VBAR, or VBAR3D statement affect all graphs that are produced by that statement. You can specify as many options as you want and list them in any order. For details on specifying colors, see SAS/GRAPH Colors. For a complete description of the graphics options, see Graphics Options and Device Parameters Dictionary.

ANNOTATE=Annotate-data-set
ANNO=Annotate-data-set
specifies a data set to annotate charts produced by the bar chart statement.
See also: The Annotate Data Set

ASCENDING
arranges the bars in ascending order of the value of the chart statistic. By default, bars are arranged in ascending order of midpoint value, without regard to the lengths of the bars. ASCENDING reorders the bars from shortest to longest. In horizontal bar charts the ordering is top to bottom; in vertical bar charts the ordering is left to right.

If you also use the GROUP= option, the reordering is performed separately for each group, so the order of the midpoints may be different for each group.

ASCENDING overrides any midpoint order specified with the MIDPOINTS= option or specified in the ORDER= option in an AXIS statement assigned to the midpoint axis.

AUTOREF
draws a reference line at each major tick mark on the response axis. To draw reference lines at specific points on the response axis, use the REF= option.

By default, reference lines in 2D bar charts are drawn in front of the bars. To draw reference lines behind the bars, use the CLIPREF option.

By default, reference lines in 3D bar charts are drawn on the back plane of the axis. To draw reference lines in front of the bars, use the FRONTREF option.
Featured in: Controlling Midpoints and Statistics in a Horizontal Bar Chart

AXIS=AXIS<1...99>
See RAXIS=.

CAXIS=axis-color
specifies a color for the response and midpoint axis lines and for the default axis area frame. If you omit the CAXIS= option, PROC GCHART searches for a color specification in this order:
  1. the COLOR= option in AXIS definitions

  2. the first color in the colors list (the default).

CFRAME=background-color
CFR=background-color
specifies the color with which to fill the axis area (in 2D bar charts) or the 3D back plane (in 3D bar charts).

The axis area color does not affect the frame color, which is always the same as the midpoint axis line color and controlled by the CAXIS= option. By default, the axis area in 2D bar charts is not filled.

CFRAME= is overridden by the NOFRAME option.

Note:   If the background color, the bar color, and the outline color are the same, you may not be able to distinguish the bars.  [cautionend]
Featured in: Subgrouping a 3D Vertical Bar Chart

CERROR=error-bar-color
specifies the color of error bars in bar charts. The default is the color of the response axis, which is controlled by the CAXIS= option.

CFREQ
displays the cumulative frequency statistic in the table of statistics. Default statistics are suppressed when you request specific statistics but all requested statistics are displayed.

CFREQLABEL='column-label' (HBAR and HBAR3D only)
specifies the text of the column label for the CFREQ statistic in the table of statistics. Column-label can be up to 32 characters long, but a single line of the label can be no more than 24 characters. By default, a label with more than one word will break as close to the center of the line as possible. A double space in the string forces a line break.

CLIPREF
clips the reference lines at the bars. This makes the reference lines appear to be behind the bars. Because CLIPREF is the default for 3D bar charts, it affects only 2D charts.
Featured in: Controlling Midpoints and Statistics in a Horizontal Bar Chart

CLM=confidence-level
draws on a horizontal or vertical bar chart confidence intervals (error bars) with the specified percentage confidence level. Values for confidence-level must be greater than or equal to 50 and strictly less than 100. The default is 95. By default, CLM= draws the intervals using See ERRORBAR= for details on how error bars are computed and drawn.
Featured in: Generating Error Bars in a Horizontal Bar Chart

COUTLINE=bar-outline-color | SAME
outlines all bars or bar segments and legend values in the subgroup legend (if it appears) using the specified color. SAME specifies that the outline color of a bar or a bar segment or a legend value is the same as the interior pattern color.

The default outline color depends on the PATTERN statement:

Note:   For 2D bar charts, if you specify empty patterns, (VALUE=EMPTY in a PATTERN statement) you should not change the outline color from the default value, SAME, to a single color. Otherwise all the outlines will be one color and you will not be able to distinguish between the empty areas.  [cautionend]

COUTLINE= is not valid when SHAPE=CYLINDER.
See also: Controlling Bar Chart Patterns and Colors and About Patterns
Featured in: Specifying the Sum Statistic in Bar Charts, Controlling Midpoints and Statistics in a Horizontal Bar Chart and Generating Error Bars in a Horizontal Bar Chart

CPERCENT
CPCT
displays the cumulative percentage statistic in the table of statistics. Default statistics are suppressed when you request specific statistics but all requested statistics are displayed.

CPERCENTLABEL='column-label' (HBAR and HBAR3D only)
specifies the text of the column label for the CPERCENT statistic in the table of statistics. Column-label can be up to 32 characters long, but a single line of the label can be no more than 24 characters. By default, a label with more than one word will break as close to the center of the line as possible. A double space in the string forces a line break.

CTEXT=text-color
specifies the color of all text on the chart that is not otherwise assigned a color. Text includes axis values and axis labels in the response, midpoint, and group axes; the subgroup legend; and the displayed statistics. If you omit CTEXT=, PROC GCHART searches for a color specification in this order:
  1. the CTEXT= option in a GOPTIONS statement

  2. the first color in the colors list (the default).

CTEXT= overrides the color specification for the axis label and the tick mark values in the COLOR= option in an AXIS definition assigned to an axis.

CTEXT= is overridden by

DESCENDING
arranges the bars in descending order of the value of the chart statistic. By default, bars are arranged in ascending order of midpoint value, without regard to the lengths of the bars. DESCENDING reorders the bars from longest to shortest. In horizontal bar charts the ordering is top to bottom; in vertical bar charts the ordering is left to right. If you also use the GROUP= option, the reordering is performed separately for each group, so the order of the midpoints may be different for each group.

DESCENDING overrides any midpoint order that is specified with the MIDPOINTS= option or that is specified in the ORDER= option in an AXIS statement assigned to the midpoint axis.

DESCRIPTION='entry-description'
DES='entry-description'
specifies the description of the catalog entry for the chart. The maximum length for entry-description is 40 characters. The description does not appear on the chart. By default, the GCHART procedure assigns a description of the form HBAR CHART OF variable, where variable is the name of the chart variable.

The entry-description can include the #BYLINE, #BYVAL, and #BYVAR substitution options, which work as they do when used on TITLE, FOOTNOTE, and NOTE statements. For more information, refer to the description of the options, and Substituting BY Line Values in a Text String. The 40-character limit applies before the substitution takes place for these options; thus, if in the SAS program the entry-description text exceeds 40 characters, it is truncated to 40 characters, and then the substitution is performed.

The descriptive text is shown in the "description" portion of each of the following:

Featured in: Creating Bar Charts with Drill-down for the Web

DISCRETE
treats a numeric chart variable as a discrete variable rather than as a continuous variable. The GCHART procedure creates a separate midpoint and, hence, a separate bar for each unique value of the chart variable. If the chart variable has a format associated with it, each formatted value is treated as a midpoint.

The LEVELS= option is ignored when you use DISCRETE. The MIDPOINTS= option overrides DISCRETE. The ORDER= option in an AXIS statement that is assigned to the midpoint axis can rearrange or exclude discrete midpoint values.
Featured in: Creating Bar Charts with Drill-down for the Web

ERRORBAR=BARS | BOTH | TOP
draws confidence intervals on a horizontal or vertical bar chart for either of the following:

The ERRORBAR= option cannot be used with values of the TYPE= option other than MEAN or PCT.

Valid values for ERRORBAR= are:

BARS
draws error bars as bars half the width of the main bars.

BOTH
draws error bars as two ticks joined by a line (default).

TOP
draws the error bar as a tick for the upper confidence limit that is joined to the top of the bar by a line.

By default, ERRORBAR= uses a confidence level of 95 percent. You can specify different confidence levels with the CLM= option.

When you use ERRORBAR= with TYPE=PCT, the confidence interval is based on a normal approximation. Let TOTAL be the total number of observations, and PCT be the percentage assigned to a given midpoint. The standard error of the percentage is approximated as 

APSTDERR=100 * SQRT((PCT/100) * (1-(PCT/100)) / TOTAL);

Let LEVEL be the confidence level specified using the CLM= option, with a default value of 95. The upper confidence limit for the percentage is computed as 

UCLP = PCT + APSTDERR * PROBIT( 1-(1-LEVEL/100)/2 );

The lower confidence limit for the percentage is computed as 

LCLP = PCT - APSTDERR * PROBIT( 1-(1-LEVEL/100)/2 );

When you use ERRORBAR= with TYPE=MEAN, the sum variable must have at least two non-missing values for each midpoint. If the GROUP= option is used, each midpoint within a group must also have two non-missing values. Let N be the number of observations assigned to a midpoint, MEAN be the mean of those observations, and STD be the standard deviation of the observations. The standard error of the mean is computed as 

STDERR = STD / SQRT(N);

Let LEVEL be the confidence level specified using the CLM= option, with a default value of 95. The upper confidence limit for the mean is computed as 

UCLM = MEAN + STDERR * TINV( 1-(1-LEVEL/100)/2, N-1);
The lower confidence limit for the mean is computed as 
LCLM = MEAN - STDERR * TINV( 1-(1-LEVEL/100)/2, N-1);

If you want the error bars to represent a given number C of standard errors instead of a confidence interval, and if the number of observations assigned to each midpoint is the same, then you can find the appropriate value for the CLM= option by running a DATA step. For example, if you want error bars that represent one standard error (C=1) with a sample size of N , you can run the following DATA step to compute the appropriate value for the CLM= option and assign that value to a macro variable &LEVEL: 

data null;
c = 1;
n = 10;
level = 100 * (1 - 2 * (1 - probt( c, n-1)));
put all;
call symput('level',put(level,best12.));
run;
Then when you run the GCHART procedure, you can specify CLM=&LEVEL.

Note that this trick does not work precisely if different midpoints have different numbers of observations. However, choosing an average value for N may yield sufficiently accurate results for graphical purposes if the sample sizes are large or do not vary much.
Featured in: Generating Error Bars in a Horizontal Bar Chart

FRAME | NOFRAME
FR | NOFR
specifies whether the 2D axis area frame or the 3D backplane is drawn. The default is FRAME, which draws a frame around the axis area (in 2D bar charts) or generates a colored 3D backplane (in 3D bar charts).

The color of the frame or of the backplane outline is the color of the midpoint axis, which is determined by the CAXIS= option. To fill the 2D axis area with a background color, or to specify a color for the 3D backplane, use the CFRAME= option.

With 2D bar charts, NOFRAME removes the axis frame. It overrides CFRAME= and also removes the colored fill it specifies.

With 3D bar charts, NOFRAME removes the colored backplane, leaving the vertical and horizontal axis planes and axes. To remove these planes, use the NOPLANE option in the AXIS statement. To remove one or more axis elements, use either the AXIS statement or the NOAXIS option.

If the V6COMP graphics option is in effect, the default is NOFRAME.
Featured in: Creating Bar Charts with Drill-down for the Web and Generating Error Bars in a Horizontal Bar Chart

FREQ
displays the frequency statistic in the table of statistics. Default statistics are suppressed when you request specific statistics but all requested statistics are displayed.
Featured in: Controlling Midpoints and Statistics in a Horizontal Bar Chart

FREQLABEL='column-label' (HBAR and HBAR3D only)
specifies the text of the column label for the FREQ statistic in the table of statistics. column-label can be up to 32 characters long, but a single line of the label can be no more than 24 characters. By default, a label with more than one word will break as close to the center of the line as possible. A double space in the string forces a line break.
Featured in: Controlling Midpoints and Statistics in a Horizontal Bar Chart and Generating Error Bars in a Horizontal Bar Chart

FREQ=numeric-variable
specifies a variable whose values weight the contribution of each observation in the computation of the chart statistic. Each observation is counted the number of times that is specified by the value of numeric-variable for that observation. If the value of numeric-variable is missing, 0, or negative, the observation is not used in the statistic calculation. Noninteger values of numeric-variable are truncated to integers. FREQ= is valid with all chart statistics.

Because you cannot use TYPE=PERCENT, TYPE=CPERCENT, TYPE=FREQ, or TYPE=CFREQ with the SUMVAR= option, you must use FREQ= to calculate percentages, cumulative percentages, frequencies, or cumulative frequencies based on a sum.
See also: Calculating Weighted Statistics

FRONTREF
specifies that reference lines drawn by the AUTOREF or REF= options should be drawn in front of the bars. By default, reference lines in 3D bar charts are drawn on the back plane of the axis. Because FRONTREF is the default for 2D bar charts, it affects only 3D charts.

G100
calculates the percentage and cumulative percentage statistics separately for each group. When you use G100, the individual percentages reflect the contribution of the midpoint to the group and total 100 percent for each group. G100 is ignored unless you also use the GROUP= option.

By default, the individual percentages reflect the contribution of the midpoint to the entire chart and total 100 percent for the entire chart.

GAXIS=AXIS<1...99>
assigns the specified AXIS definition to the group axis. (A group axis is created when you use the GROUP= option.) You can use the AXIS definition to modify the order of the groups, the text of the labels, and appearance of the axis. GAXIS= is ignored if the specified AXIS definition does not exist.

The AXIS statement options MAJOR= and MINOR= are ignored in AXIS definitions assigned to the group axis because the axis does not use tick marks. A warning message is written to the SAS log if these options appear in the AXIS definition.

To remove groups from the chart, use the ORDER= option in the AXIS statement.

To suppress the brackets drawn around the values on the group axis in vertical bar charts, use the NOBRACKETS option in the AXIS statement.
See also: AXIS Statement
Featured in: Creating Bar Charts with Drill-down for the Web

GROUP=group-variable
organizes the data according to values of group-variable. Group-variable can be either character or numeric and is always treated as a discrete variable.

GROUP= produces a separate group of bars for each unique value of the group variable. Missing values for group-variable are treated as a valid group. The groups are arranged in ascending order of the group variable values.

By default, each group includes all midpoints, even if no observations for the group fall within the midpoint range, meaning that no bar is drawn at the midpoint. Use the NOZERO option to suppress midpoints with no observations.

GROUP= also produces a group axis that lists the values that distinguish the groups. The group axis has no axis line but displays the group variable name or label. To modify the group axis, assign an AXIS definition with the GAXIS= option.

In horizontal bar charts, the group axis is to the left of the midpoint axis and the groups are arranged from top to bottom, starting with the lowest value at the top.

In vertical bar charts, the group axis is below the midpoint axis and the groups are arranged from left to right starting with the lowest value at the left. If the group label in a vertical bar chart is narrower than all the bars in the group, brackets are added to the label to emphasize which bars belong in each group. Group brackets are not displayed if the space between the group values is less than one and one-half character cells. Use the NOBRACKETS option in the AXIS statement to suppress the group brackets.
Featured in: Creating Bar Charts with Drill-down for the Web

GSPACE=group-spacing
specifies the amount of extra space between groups of bars. Group-space can be any non-negative number. Units are character cells. Use GSPACE=0 to leave no extra space between adjacent groups of bars. In this case, the same space appears between groups of bars as between the bars in the same group.

GSPACE= is ignored unless you also use the GROUP= option. By default, the GCHART procedure calculates group spacing based on size of the axis area and the number of bars in the chart.

If the requested spacing results in a chart that is too large to fit in the space available for the midpoint axis, an error message is written to the SAS log and no chart is produced.
Featured in: Creating Bar Charts with Drill-down for the Web

HTML=variable
identifies the variable in the input data set whose values create links in the HTML file created by the ODS HTML statement. These links are associated with an area of the chart and point to the data or graph you wish to display when the user drills down on the area.

HTML_LEGEND=variable
identifies the variable in the input data set whose values create links in the HTML file created by the ODS HTML statement. These links are associated with a legend value and point to the data or graph you wish to display when the user drills down on the value.

INSIDE=statistic (VBAR and VBAR3D only)
displays the values of the specified statistic inside the bars of a vertical bar chart. Statistic can be one of the following:

If the bars are subgrouped, only the following statistics are valid:

With subgroups, PERCENT displays the percent contribution of each subgroup to the midpoint value of the bar, based on frequency. The PERCENT values for each subgroup total the percent contribution of the bar to the whole. For example, if the percent contribution of the whole bar is 60%, the PERCENT statistic for all the subgroups in that bar will total 60%. To calculate PERCENT based on the SUMVAR= variable, use the FREQ= and TYPE= options. For details, see Calculating Weighted Statistics.

SUBPCT displays the percent contribution of each subgroup to the total bar. The SUBPCT values for each subgroup total the percent contribution to the whole bar. Because of rounding, the total of the percents may not equal 100.

Only one type of statistic can be printed inside the bars, but you can specify a second statistic with OUTSIDE=.
See also: About Chart Statistics for a complete description of statistic types
Featured in: Subgrouping a 3D Vertical Bar Chart Creating Bar Charts with Drill-down for the Web

and LEGEND=LEGEND<1...99>
assigns the specified LEGEND definition to the legend generated by the SUBGROUP= option. The LEGEND= option itself does not generate a legend.

LEGEND= is ignored if

To create a legend based on the chart midpoints instead of the subgroups, use the chart variable as the subgroup variable: 

hbar city / subgroup=city;
See also: LEGEND Statement and SUBGROUP= option
Featured in: Subgrouping a 3D Vertical Bar Chart

LEVELS=number-of-midpoints
specifies the number of midpoints for a numeric chart variable. The range for each midpoint is calculated automatically, using the algorithm in Terrell and Scott (1985). LEVELS= is ignored if

MAXIS=AXIS<1...99>
assigns the specified AXIS definition to the midpoint axis. The MAXIS= option is ignored if the specified AXIS definition does not exist.
See also: About Midpoints and AXIS Statement
Featured in: Subgrouping a 3D Vertical Bar Chart

MEAN
displays the mean statistic in the table of statistics. Default statistics are suppressed when you request specific statistics, but all requested statistics are displayed. By default, the column heading includes the name of the variable for which the mean is calculated. MEAN is ignored unless you also use the SUMVAR= option.

MEANLABEL='column-label' (HBAR and HBAR3D only)
specifies the text of the column label for the MEAN statistic in the table of statistics. column-label can be up to 32 characters long, but a single line of the label can be no more than 24 characters. By default, a label with more than one word will break as close to the center of the line as possible. A double space in the string forces a line break.
Featured in: Generating Error Bars in a Horizontal Bar Chart

MIDPOINTS=value-list
specifies the midpoint values for the bars. The way you specify value-list depends on the type of the chart variable.

For a complete description of value-list, see the ORDER= option in the AXIS statement.

If the value-list for either type of variable specifies so many midpoints that the axis values overwrite each other, the values may be unreadable. In this case the procedure writes a warning to the SAS log. On many devices, this problem can be corrected by either adjusting the size of the text with the HTEXT= graphics option or by increasing the number of cells in your graphics display using the HPOS= and VPOS= graphics options.

The ORDER= option in the AXIS statement overrides the order specified in the MIDPOINTS= option. The bar chart statement options ASCENDING and DESCENDING also override both MIDPOINTS= and ORDER= in the AXIS statement.
See also: About Midpoints
Featured in: Controlling Midpoints and Statistics in a Horizontal Bar Chart

MIDPOINTS=OLD
tells the GCHART procedure to calculate default midpoints using the algorithm used in Release 82.4 and Version 5 of SAS/GRAPH. MIDPOINTS=OLD is ignored unless the chart variable is numeric type.

MINOR=number-of-minor-ticks
specifies the number of minor tick marks between each major tick mark on the response axis.

MINOR= in a bar chart statement overrides the number of minor tick marks specified in the MINOR= option in an AXIS definition assigned to the response axis with the RAXIS= option.

MISSING
accepts a missing value as a valid midpoint for the chart variable. By default, observations with missing values are ignored. Missing values are always valid for group and subgroup variables.

NAME='entry-name'
specifies the name of the catalog entry for the graph. The maximum length for entry-name is eight characters. The default name is GCHART. If the name duplicates an existing entry name, SAS/GRAPH software adds a number to the duplicate name to create a unique name- for example, GCHART1.
Featured in: Creating Bar Charts with Drill-down for the Web

NOAXIS
suppresses all axes, including axis lines, axis labels, axis values, and all major and minor tick marks. NOAXIS overrides the GAXIS=, MAXIS=, and RAXIS= options.

To remove selected axis elements such as lines, values or labels, use specific AXIS statement options.

NOAXIS does not suppress either the default frame or an axis area fill requested by the CFRAME= option. To remove the axis frame or the 3D backplane, use the NOFRAME option in the procedure. To remove the horizontal or vertical axis planes, use the NOPLANE option in the AXIS statement.

NOBASEREF
suppresses the zero reference line when the SUM or MEAN chart statistic has negative values.

NOLEGEND
suppresses the legend that is automatically generated by the SUBGROUP= option. NOLEGEND is ignored if the SUBGROUP= option is not used.

NOSTATS (HBAR and HBAR3D only)
suppresses the table of statistics. NOSTATS suppresses both the default statistics and specific statistics requested by the FREQ, CFREQ, PERCENT, CPERCENT, SUM, and MEAN options.

NOZERO
suppresses any midpoints for which there are no corresponding values of the chart variable and, hence, no bar. NOZERO usually is used with the GROUP= option to suppress midpoints when not all values of the chart variable are present for every group or if the chart statistic for the bar is 0.

Note:   If a bar is omitted and if you have also specified bar labels with the VALUE= option in an AXIS statement, the labels may be shifted and not displayed with the correct bar.  [cautionend]
Featured in: Creating Bar Charts with Drill-down for the Web

OUTSIDE=statistic (VBAR and VBAR3D only)
displays the values of the specified statistic above the bars of a vertical bar chart. Statistic can be one of the following:

Only one type of statistic can be printed outside the bars, but you can specify a second statistic with INSIDE=.
See also: About Chart Statistics for a complete description of statistic types
Featured in: Subgrouping a 3D Vertical Bar Chart Creating Bar Charts with Drill-down for the Web

PATTERNID=BY | GROUP | MIDPOINT | SUBGROUP
specifies the way fill patterns are assigned. By default, PATTERNID=SUBGROUP. Values for PATTERNID= are as follows:

BY
changes patterns each time the value of the BY variable changes. All bars use the same pattern if the GCHART procedure does not include a BY statement.

GROUP
changes patterns every time the value of the group variable changes. All bars in each group use the same pattern, but a different pattern is used for each group.

MIDPOINT
changes patterns every time the midpoint value changes. If you use the GROUP= option, the respective midpoint patterns are repeated for each group.

SUBGROUP
changes patterns every time the value of the subgroup variable changes. The bars must be subdivided by the SUBGROUP= option for the SUBGROUP value to have an effect. Without SUBGROUP=, all bars have the same pattern.

Note:   If you use the SUBGROUP= option and specify a PATTERNID= value other than SUBGROUP, the bar segments use the same pattern and are indistinguishable.  [cautionend]
See also: Controlling Bar Chart Patterns and Colors
Featured in: Subgrouping a 3D Vertical Bar Chart and Creating Bar Charts with Drill-down for the Web

PERCENT
PCT
displays the percentage statistic in the table of statistics. Default statistics are suppressed when you request specific statistics but all requested statistics are displayed.

PERCENTLABEL='column-label' (HBAR and HBAR3D only)
specifies the text of the column label for the PERCENT statistic in the table of statistics. column-label can be up to 32 characters long, but a single line of the label can be no more than 24 characters. By default, a label with more than one word will break as close to the center of the line as possible. A double space in the string forces a line break.

RAXIS=value-list | AXIS<1...99>
AXIS=value-list | AXIS<1...99>
specifies values for the major tick mark divisions on the response axis or assigns the specified AXIS definition to the axis. See the MIDPOINTS= option for a description of value-list. By default, the GCHART procedure scales the response axis automatically and provides an appropriate number of tick marks.

You can specify negative values, but negative values are reasonable only when TYPE=SUM or TYPE=MEAN and one or more of the sums or means are less than 0. Frequency and percentage values are never less than 0.

For lists of values, a separate major tick mark is created for each individual value. A warning message is written to the SAS log if the values are not evenly spaced.

If the values represented by the bars are larger than the highest tick mark value, the bars are truncated at the highest tick mark.

If you use a BY statement with the PROC GCHART statement, the same response axes are produced for each BY group when RAXIS=value-list is used or if there is an ORDER= list in the AXIS statement assigned to the response axis.
See also: AXIS Statement
Featured in: Subgrouping a 3D Vertical Bar Chart and Creating Bar Charts with Drill-down for the Web

REF=value-list
draws reference lines at the specified points on the response axis. See the MIDPOINTS= option for a description of value-list.

Values can be listed in any order, but should be within the range of values represented by the response axis. A warning is written to the SAS log if any of the points are off of the axis, and no reference line is drawn for such points. You can use the AUTOREF option to draw reference lines automatically at all of the major tick marks.

By default, reference lines in 3D bar charts are drawn on the back plane of the axis. To draw the reference lines in front of the bars, use the FRONTREF option.

SHAPE=3D-bar-shape (HBAR3D and VBAR3D only)
specifies the shape of the bars in charts that are produced with the HBAR3D and VBAR3D statements. 3D-bar-shape can be one of the following:

The COUTLINE= option is not valid when SHAPE=CYLINDER.
Featured in: Creating Bar Charts with Drill-down for the Web

SPACE=bar-spacing
specifies the amount of space between individual bars or between the bars within each group if you also use the GROUP= option. Bar-space can be any non-negative number, including decimal values. Units are character cells. By default, the GCHART procedure calculates spacing based on the size of the axis area and the number of bars on the chart. Use SPACE=0 to leave no space between adjacent bars.

SPACE= is ignored if the specified spacing requests a chart that is too large to fit in the space available for the midpoint axis, and a warning message is issued.
Featured in: Subgrouping a 3D Vertical Bar Chart and Creating Bar Charts with Drill-down for the Web

SUBGROUP=subgroup-variable
divides the bars into segments according to the values of subgroup-variable. Subgroup-variable can be either character or numeric and is always treated as a discrete variable. SUBGROUP= creates a separate segment within each bar for every unique value of the subgroup variable for that midpoint.

If PATTERNID=SUBGROUP (the default setting), each segment is filled with a different pattern and a legend that provides a key to the patterns is automatically generated. If the value of PATTERNID= is anything other than SUBGROUP, the segments are all the same color, the legend is suppressed, and the subgrouping effect is lost.

By default the legend appears at the bottom of the chart. To modify the legend, assign a LEGEND definition with the LEGEND= option. To suppress the legend, specify NOLEGEND.
See also: LEGEND Statement
Featured in: Subgrouping a 3D Vertical Bar Chart, Creating Bar Charts with Drill-down for the Web and Controlling Midpoints and Statistics in a Horizontal Bar Chart

SUM
displays the sum statistic in the table of statistics. Default statistics are suppressed when you request specific statistics but all requested statistics are displayed. By default, the column heading includes the name of the variable for which the sum is calculated. SUM is ignored unless you also use the SUMVAR= option.

SUMLABEL='column-label' (HBAR and HBAR3D only)
specifies the text of the column label for the SUM statistic in the table of statistics. Column-label can be up to 32 characters long, but a single line of the label can be no more than 24 characters. By default, a label with more than one word will break as close to the center of the line as possible. A double space in the string forces a line break.

SUMVAR=summary-variable
specifies a numeric variable for sum or mean calculations. The GCHART procedure calculates the sum or, if requested, the mean of summary-variable for each midpoint. The resulting statistics are represented by the length of the bars along the response axis, and they are displayed at major tick marks.

When you use SUMVAR=, the TYPE= option must be either SUM or MEAN. With SUMVAR=, the default is TYPE=SUM.
Featured in: Specifying the Sum Statistic in Bar Charts and Generating Error Bars in a Horizontal Bar Chart

TYPE=statistic
specifies the chart statistic.

Because you cannot use TYPE=FREQ, TYPE=CFREQ, TYPE=PERCENT, or TYPE=CPERCENT with SUMVAR=, you must use FREQ= to calculate percentages, cumulative percentages, frequencies, or cumulative frequencies based on a sum. See also Calculating Weighted Statistics.

If you specify TYPE=MEAN and use the SUBGROUP= option, the height or length of the bar represents the mean for the entire midpoint. The subgroup segments are proportional to the subgroup's contribution to the sum for the bar. See also SUBGROUP=.
See also: About Chart Statistics for a complete description of statistic types
Featured in: Generating Error Bars in a Horizontal Bar Chart

WIDTH=bar-width
specifies the width of the bars. By default, the GCHART procedure selects a bar width that accommodates the midpoint values displayed on the midpoint axis using a hardware font and a height of one cell. Units for bar-width are character cells. The value for bar-width must be greater than 0, but it does not have to be an integer, for example, 
vbar site / width=1.5;

If the requested bar width results in a chart that is too large to fit in the space available for the midpoint axis, the procedure issues a warning in the log and ignores the WIDTH= specification. If the specified width is too narrow, the procedure may display the midpoint values vertically.
Featured in: Subgrouping a 3D Vertical Bar Chart

WOUTLINE=bar-outline-width
specifies the width of the outline in pixels. WOUTLINE= affects both the bar and the subgroup outlines.

The Chart Statistic and the Response Axis

In bar charts, the scale of values of the chart statistic is displayed on the response axis. By default, the response axis is divided into evenly spaced intervals identified with major tick marks that are labeled with the corresponding statistic value. Minor tick marks are evenly distributed between the major tick marks unless a log axis has been requested. For sum and mean statistics, the major tick marks are labeled with values of the SUMVAR= variable (formatted if the variable has an associated format). The response axis is also labeled with the statistic type.

Displaying Statistics in Vertical Bar Charts

You can display the chart statistic for each bar either above or inside the bars of a vertical bar chart by using the OUTSIDE= or INSIDE= option in the VBAR or VBAR3D statement. The bars must be wide enough to accommodate the text. You can adjust the width of the bars with the WIDTH= option. To change the size of the text, use the HTEXT= graphics option.

Specifying Logarithmic Axes

Logarithmic axes can be specified with the AXIS statement. See AXIS Statement for a complete discussion.

About the Table of Statistics in Horizontal Bar Charts

In addition to displaying one statistic graphically on the response axis, the HBAR and HBAR3D statements print a table of statistic values to the right of the bars. When the value of TYPE= is FREQ, CFREQ, PERCENT, or CPERCENT, the frequency, cumulative frequency, percentage, and cumulative percentage statistics are printed next to the bars by default. When TYPE=SUM, the frequency and sum statistic values are printed by default. When TYPE=MEAN, the frequency and mean statistic values are printed by default. For sum and mean, the name of the SUMVAR= variable is added to the heading for the column of values.

Modifying the Table of Statistics

You can use the FREQ, CFREQ, PERCENT, CPERCENT, SUM, and MEAN options to select only certain statistics. Without the SUMVAR= option, only the frequency, cumulative frequency, percentage, and cumulative percentage statistics can be printed. With SUMVAR=, all statistics, including the sum and mean, can be printed. You can suppress all statistics with the NOSTATS option.

To change the column labels for any statistic in the table, use one or more of the statistic column label options: FREQLABEL=, CFREQLABEL=, PERCENTLABEL=, CPERCENTLABEL=, SUMLABEL=, and MEANLABEL=.

To control the font and size of the text in the table of statistics, use the HTEXT= and FTEXT= graphics options.

Ordering and Selecting Midpoints

To rearrange character or discrete numeric midpoint values or to select ranges for numeric values, use the MIDPOINTS= option. Remember that although changing the number of midpoints for numeric variables may change the range of values for individual midpoints, it does not change the range of values for the chart as a whole. For details, see About Midpoints.

Like MIDPOINTS=, the ORDER= option in the AXIS statement can rearrange the order of the midpoints or suppress the display of discrete numeric or character values. However, ORDER= cannot calculate the midpoints for a continuous numeric variable, or exclude values from the calculations. For details, see the description of the ORDER= option.

Controlling Bar Chart Patterns and Colors

Default patterns and outlines

Each bar in a bar chart is filled with a pattern. By default, the procedure

See About Patterns for more information on how the GCHART procedure assigns default patterns and outlines.

User-defined patterns

To override the default patterns and select fills and colors for the bars or bar segments, use the PATTERN statement. Only bar/block patterns are valid; all other pattern fills are ignored. For a complete description of all bar/block patterns, see VALUE= in PATTERN Statement.

Whenever you use PATTERN statements, the default pattern outline color changes to SAME. That is, the outline color is the same as the fill color. To specify the outline color, use the COUTLINE= option (see COUTLINE=).

When patterns change

The PATTERNID= option controls when the pattern changes. By default, PATTERNID=SUBGROUP. Therefore, when you use the SUBGROUP= option to subdivide the bars, the pattern automatically changes each time the subgroup value changes, and each subdivision of the bar displays a different pattern. As a result, the number of values for the SUBGROUP= variable determines the number of bar patterns on the chart. If you do not subdivide the bars, all bars use the same pattern.

Instead of changing the pattern for each subgroup, you can change the pattern for each midpoint, each group, or each BY group by changing the value of PATTERNID=. See the PATTERNID= option for details.

Axis color

By default, axis elements use the first color in the colors list or the colors that are specified by AXIS statement color options. However, action statement options can also control the color of the axis lines, text, and frame.

To change the color of... Use this option...
the axis text CTEXT=
the axis lines CAXIS=
the area within the frame CFRAME=


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