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The GPROJECT Procedure |
About the Input Map Data Set |
The input map data set must be in map data set format (see SAS/GRAPH Map Data Sets), and it must contain these variables:
The X and Y variables contain the values that are to be projected.
In addition, the input map data set also can contain
Other variables in the input map data set do not affect
the GPROJECT procedure.
Note: Projection is appropriate for map
data sets in which the X and Y variable values represent longitude and latitude.
Some of the map data sets that are supplied with SAS/GRAPH
have already been projected; such data set should not be projected again.
CANADA3 | |
CANADA4 | |
COUNTIES | |
COUNTY | |
STATES |
See
Using Default Projection Specifications
for an illustration of this type of input map data set and the variables it
contains.
proc gproject data=map.austral (drop=x y rename=(long=x lat=y)) out=reflib.newaust; id id; run;
For additional information on the supplied SAS/GRAPH map data sets, see SAS/GRAPH Map Data Sets and the METAMAPS data set in your maps data set directory.
About Coordinate Values |
Longitude and Latitude Coordinates shows the standard coordinate system for map data sets with coordinates in longitude and latitude. For the longitude and latitude values (below and to the right of the figure, respectively) the upper value is expressed in degrees and the lower value is expressed in radians. A radian is approximately 57.3 degrees.
Longitude and Latitude Coordinates
By default, the GPROJECT procedure assumes that the units for the input coordinate values are radians and that values for the horizontal coordinate increase from east to west across the map. If your map coordinates are stored as degrees of arc, use the DEGREE option in the PROC GPROJECT statement. If the horizontal coordinate values in the map increase west-to-east rather than east-to-west, use the EASTLONG option in the PROC GPROJECT statement. See Options for details of DEGREE and EASTLONG.
The unprojected map data sets that are provided with SAS/GRAPH can be projected if you use the default procedure characteristics: coordinate units in the data sets are radians, and horizontal values increase east-to-west.
About Types of Map Projections |
These sections describe the basic theory of each projection method. For comparison, Unprojected Map shows an unprojected map of the northern hemisphere.
The Albers' projection is well suited to portray areas of large and small east-to-west extent and produces satisfactory results in most cases. However, both standard parallels must lie on the same side of the equator, so this method may not be suitable for map data sets of large north-to-south extent that span the equator. For those map data sets, use the gnomonic projection method.
Albers' Projection illustrates an Albers' equal-area projection of the northern hemisphere.
The Lambert's projection is ideal for navigational charts and maps of relatively small east-to-west extent. However, as in the Albers' projection, both standard parallels must lie on the same side of the equator, so this method may not be suitable for map data sets that span the equator. For those map data sets, use the gnomonic projection method.
Lambert's Projection illustrates a Lambert's conformal projection of the northern hemisphere.
The gnomonic projection is a planar projection from the surface of the sphere directly onto an imaginary plane tangent to the sphere at the map projection pole. By default, the projection pole is placed at the center of the map data set that is to be projected, but you can specify the projection pole to be anywhere on the surface of the sphere. (See POLELONG= and POLELAT= options.)
In the gnomonic projection, distortion increases as the distance from the map pole increases. Because of this distortion, the PROC GPROJECT procedure deletes all of the observations that lie more than 85 degrees from the map pole. The gnomonic projection is best suited for mapping areas of small east-to-west extent.
Gnomonic Projection illustrates a gnomonic projection of the northern hemisphere.
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