Hogan, D., D. Esler, and J. E. Thompson.  2013.  Variation in body mass and foraging effort of Barrow’s goldeneyes during remigial molt.  Auk: in press.

Hogan, D., J. E. Thompson, and D. Esler.  2013.  Survival of Barrow’s goldeneyes during remigial molt and fall staging. Journal of Wildlife Management: in press.

Palm, E. C., D. Esler, E. M. Anderson, T. D. Williams, O. P. Love, and M. T. Wilson.  2013. Baseline corticosterone in wintering marine birds: methodological considerations and ecological patterns.  Physiological and Biochemical Zoology: in press.

Agüero, M. L., P. G. Borboroglu, and D. Esler.  2012.  Distribution and abundance of Chubut steamerducks: an endemic species to central Patagonia, Argentina.  Bird Conservation International 22:307-315.

Anderson. E. M., D. Esler, W. S. Boyd, J. R. Evenson, D. R. Nysewander, D. H. Ward, R. D. Dickson, B. D. Uher-Koch, C. S. VanStratt, and J. W. Hupp.  2012.  Predation rates, timing, and predator composition for scoters in marine habitats.  Canadian Journal of Zoology 90:42-50.

Dickson, R. D., D. Esler, J. W. Hupp, E. M. Anderson, J. R. Evenson, and J. Barrett.  2012. Phenology and duration of remigial molt in Surf Scoters (Melanitta perspicillata) and White-winged Scoters (M. fusca) on the Pacific coast of North America. Canadian Journal of Zoology 90:932-944.

Federer, R., T. Hollmén, D. Esler, and M. J. Wooller.  2012.  Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope discrimination factors for quantifying Spectacled Eider nutrient allocation to egg production.  Condor 114:726-732.

Lok, E. K., D. Esler, J. Y. Takekawa, S. W. De La Cruz, W. S. Boyd, D. R. Nyeswander, J. R. Evenson, and D. H. Ward.  2012. Spatiotemporal associations between Pacific herring spawn and surf scoter spring migration: evaluating a “silver wave” hypothesis.  Marine Ecology Progress Series 457:139-150.

Palm, E. C., D. Esler, E. M. Anderson, and M. T. Wilson.  2012. Geographic and temporal variation in diet of wintering white-winged scoters.  Waterbirds 35:577-589.

Hogan, D., J. E. Thompson, D. Esler, and W. S. Boyd.  2011.  Discovery of important postbreeding sites for Barrow’s goldeneye in the boreal transition zone of Alberta.  Waterbirds 34:261-268.

Esler, D., B. E. Ballachey, K. A. Trust, S. A. Iverson, J. A. Reed, A. K. Miles, J. D. Henderson, B. W. Wilson, B. R. Woodin, J. R. Stegeman, M. McAdie, and D. M. Mulcahy.  2011.  Cytochrome P4501A biomarker indication of the timeline of chronic exposure of Barrow’s goldeneye to residual Exxon Valdez oil.  Marine Pollution Bulletin 62:609-614.

Takekawa, J. Y., S. W. De La Cruz, M. T. Wilson, E. C. Palm, J. Yee, D. R. Nyeswander, J. R. Evenson, J. M. Eadie, D. Esler, W. S. Boyd, and D. H. Ward.  2011.  Breeding distribution and ecology of Pacific coast surf scoters.  Pages 41-64 in J. V. Wells, editor.  Boreal Birds of North America: a hemispheric view of their conservation links and significance.  Studies in Avian Biology (Number 41).  University of California Press, Berkeley.

Lok, E. K., D. Esler, J. Y. Takekawa, S. W. De La Cruz, W. S. Boyd, D. R. Nyeswander, J. R. Evenson, and D. H. Ward.  2011.  Stopover habitats of spring migrating surf scoters in southeast Alaska.  Journal of Wildlife Management 75:92-100.

Mulcahy, D. M., and D. Esler.  2010.  Survival of captive and free-ranging harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) following surgical liver biopsy.  Journal of Wildlife Diseases 46:1325-1329.

Agüero, M. L., P. G. Borboroglu, and D. Esler.  2010.  Breeding habitat attributes and nest site selection of Chubut steamerducks in Patagonia, Argentina.  Emu 110:302-306.

Federer, R., T. Hollmén, D. Esler, M. J. Wooller, and S. W. Wang.  2010.  Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope discrimination factors from diet to blood plasma, cellular blood, feathers, and adipose fatty acids in Spectacled Eiders (Somateria fischeri).  Canadian Journal of Zoology 88:866-874.

Esler, D., K. A. Trust, B. E. Ballachey, S. A. Iverson , T. L. Lewis, D. J. Rizzolo, D. M. Mulcahy, A. K. Miles, B. R. Woodin, J. J. Stegeman, J. D. Henderson, and B. W. Wilson.  2010.  Cytochrome P4501A biomarker indication of oil exposure in harlequin ducks up to 20 years after the Exxon Valdez oil spill.  Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 29:1138-1145.

Ricca, M. A., A. K. Miles, B. E. Ballachey, J. L. Bodkin, D. Esler, and K. A. Trust.  2010.  PCB exposure in sea otters and harlequin ducks in relation to history of contamination by the Exxon Valdez oil spill.  Marine Pollution Bulletin 60:861-872.

Esler, D., and J. C. Bond.  2010.  Cross-seasonal dynamics in body mass of male harlequin ducks: a strategy for meeting costs of reproduction.  Canadian Journal of Zoology 88:224-230.

Iverson, S. A., and D. Esler.  2010.  Harlequin duck population dynamics following the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill: assessing injury and projecting a timeline to recovery.  Ecological Applications 20:1993-2006.

Esler, D., and S. A. Iverson.  2010.  Female harlequin duck winter survival 11 to 14 years after the Exxon Valdez oil spill.  Journal of Wildlife Management 74:471-478.

Stoskopf, M., D. M. Mulcahy, and D. Esler.  2010.  Evaluation of a portable automated serum chemistry analyzer for field assessment of harlequin ducks, Histrionicus histrionicus.  Veterinary Medicine International 2010: doi:10.4061/2010/418596.

De La Cruz, S. E. W., J. Y. Takekawa, M. T. Wilson, D. R. Nyeswander, J. R. Evenson, D. Esler, W. S. Boyd, and D. H. Ward.  2009.  Surf scoter (Melanitta perspicillata) spring migration routes and chronology: a synthesis of Pacific coast studies.  Canadian Journal of Zoology 87:1069-1086.

Anderson, E. M., J. R. Lovvorn, D. Esler, W. S. Boyd, and K. C. Stick.  2009.  Using predator distributions, diet, and condition to evaluate seasonal foraging sites: sea ducks and herring spawn.  Marine Ecology Progress Series 386:287-302.

Bond, J. C., S. A. Iverson, N. B. MacCallum, C. M. Smith, H. J. Bruner, and D. Esler.  2009.  Variation in breeding season survival of adult female harlequin ducks.  Journal of Wildlife Management 73: 965-972.

Gorman, K. B., D. Esler, R. L. Walzem, and T. D. Williams.  2009.  Plasma yolk precursor dynamics during egg production by female Greater Scaup (Aythya marila): characterization and indices of reproductive state.  Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 82:372-381.

LeBourdais, S. V., R. C. Ydenberg, and D. Esler.  2009.  Fish and harlequin ducks compete on breeding streams.  Canadian Journal of Zoology 87:31-40.

Schamber, J. L., D. Esler, and P. L. Flint.  2009.  Evaluating the validity of using unverified indices of body condition.  Journal of Avian Biology 40:49-56.

Žydelis, R., D. Esler, M. Kirk, and W. S. Boyd.  2009.  Effects of off-bottom shellfish aquaculture on winter habitat use by molluscivorous sea ducks.  Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 19:34-42.

Bond, J. C., D. Esler, and T. D. Williams.  2008.  Breeding propensity of female harlequin ducks.  Journal of Wildlife Management 72:1388-1393.

Lok, E. K., M. Kirk, D. Esler, and W. S. Boyd.  2008.  Movements of pre-migratory surf and white-winged scoters in response to Pacific herring spawn.  Waterbirds 31:385-393.

Kirk, M., D. Esler, S. A. Iverson, and W. S. Boyd.  2008.  Movements of wintering surf scoters: predator responses to different prey landscapes.  Oecologia 155: 859-867.

Nilsson, P., T. Hollmén, S. Atkinson, K. Mashburn, P. Tuomi, D. Esler, D. Mulcahy, and D. Rizzolo.  2008.  Effects of ACTH, capture, and short term confinement on glucocorticoid concentrations in harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 149:275-283.

Bond, J. C., and D. Esler.  2008.  Bill entanglement in subcutaneously-anchored radio transmitters on harlequin ducks.  Wilson Journal of Ornithology 120:599-602.

Heard, D. J., D. M. Mulcahy, S. A. Iverson, D. J. Rizzolo, E. C. Greiner, J. Hall, H. Ip, and D. Esler. 2008.  A blood survey of elements, viral antibodies, and hemoparasites in wintering harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) and Barrow’s Goldeneyes (Bucephala islandica).  Journal of Wildlife Diseases 44:486-493.

Gorman, K. B., D. Esler, P. L. Flint, and T. D. Williams.  2008.  Nutrient reserve dynamics during egg production by female Greater Scaup (Aythya marila): relationships with timing of reproduction.  Auk 125:384-394.

Lewis, T. L., D. Esler, and W. S. Boyd.  2008.  Foraging behaviors of Surf and White-winged Scoters in relation to clam density: inferring food availability and habitat quality.  Auk 125:149-157.

Ball, J.R., D. Esler and J.A. Schmutz. 2007. Proximate composition, energetic value, and relative abundance of prey fish from the inshore eastern Bering Sea: implications for piscivorous predators. Polar Biology 30:699-708.

Bond, J.C., D. Esler and K.A. Hobson. 2007. Isotopic evidence for sources of nutrients allocated to clutch formation by harlequin ducks. Condor 109:698-704.

Gorman, K.B., P.L. Flint, D. Esler and T.D. Williams. 2007. Ovarian follicle dynamics of female Greater Scaup during egg production. J. Field Ornithol. 78: 64-73.

Heath, J.P., H.G. Gilchrist and R.C. Ydenberg. 2007. Can diving models predict patterns of foraging behaviour?  Diving by common eiders in an arctic polynya. Anim. Behav. 73: 877-884

Iverson, S.A. and D. Esler. 2007. Survival of female harlequin ducks during wing molt. J. Wildl. Manage. 71:1220-1224.

Kirk, M., D. Esler, and W. S. Boyd.  2007.  Foraging effort of surf scoters (Melanitta perspicillata) wintering in a spatially and temporally variable prey landscape.  Canadian Journal of Zoology 85:1207-1215.

Kirk, M., D. Esler, and W. S. Boyd.  2007.  Morphology and density of mussels on natural and aquaculture structure habitats: implications for sea duck predators.  Marine Ecology Progress Series 346:179-187.

Lewis, T.L., D. Esler and W.S. Boyd. 2007. Effects of predation by sea ducks on clam abundance in soft-bottom intertidal habitats. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 329: 131-144.

Lewis, T.L., D. Esler and W.S. Boyd. 2007. Foraging behaviours of surf scoters and white-winged scoters at spawning sites of Pacific herring. Condor 109: 216-222.

Merkel, F.R., S.E. Jamieson, K. Falk and A. Mosbech. 2007. The diet of Common Eiders wintering in Nuuk, southwest Greenland. Polar Biology 30: 227-234.

Merkel, F.R., A. Mosbech, S.E. Jamieson and K. Falk. 2007. The diet of King Eiders wintering in Nuuk, Southwest Greenland. Polar Biol. DOI 10.1007/s00300-007-0321-x.

Miller, E.H., J. Williams, S.E. Jamieson, H.G. Gilchrist and M.L. Mallory. 2007. Allometry, variation, and bilateral asymmetry of an internal sexually-selected structure: the vocal tract of Common Eiders (Somateria mollissima) and King Eiders (S. spectabilis). J. Avian Biol. 38: 224-233.

Mulcahy, D.M., K.A. Burek and D. Esler. 2007. Inflammatory reaction to fabric collars from percutaneous antennas attached to intracoelomic radio transmitters implanted in harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) . J. Avian Med. Surg. 21:13-21.

Ost, M., C.W. Clark, M. Kilpi and R. Ydenberg. 2007. Parental effort and reproductive skew in coalitions of brood-rearing female common eiders. Am. Nat. 169.

Bond, J.C. and D. Esler. 2006. Nutrient acquisition by female Harlequin Ducks prior to spring migration and reproduction: evidence for body mass optimization. Can. J. Zool. 84: 1223-1229.

Esler, D., S.A. Iverson and D.J. Rizzolo. 2006. Genetic and demographic criteria for defining  population units for conservation: the value of clear messages. Condor 108: 481-484.

Falk, K., F.R. Merkel, K. Kampp and S.E. Jamieson. 2006. Embedded lead shot and infliction rates of Common Eiders Somateria mollissima and King Eiders S. spectabilis wintering in southwest Greenland. Wildl. Biol. 12: 257-265.

Heath, J.P., H.G. Gilchrist and R.C. Ydenberg. 2006. Regulation of stroke pattern and swim speed across a range of current velocities: diving by common eiders wintering in polnyas in the Canadian Arctic. J. Exp. Biol. 209: 3974-3983.

Iverson, S.A., W.S. Boyd, D. Esler, D.M. Mulcahy and T.D. Bowman. 2006. Comparison of the effects and performance of four radio transmitter types for use with scoters. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 34: 656-663.

Iverson, S.A. and D. Esler. 2006. Site fidelity and the demographic implications of winter movements by a migratory bird, the harlequin duck. J. Avian Biol. 37: 219-228.

Jamieson, S.E., H.G. Gilchrist, F.R. Merkel, K. Falk and A.W. Diamond. 2006. An evaluation of methods used to estimate carcass composition of Common Eiders. Wildl. Biol. 12: 219-226

Jamieson, S.E., H.G. Gilchrist, F.R. Merkel, A.W. Diamond and K. Falk. 2006. Endogenous reserve dynamics of Northern Common Eiders wintering in Greenland. Polar Biol. 29:585-594.

Merkel, F.R., K. Falk and S.E. Jamieson. 2006. Impact on body condition of embedded lead shot in Common Eiders Somateria mollissima. J. Wildl. Manage. 70: 1644-1646.

Merkel, F.R., A. Mosbech, C. Sonne, A. Flagstad, K. Falk and S.E. Jamieson. 2006. Local movements, home ranges and body condition of Common Eiders wintering in Southwest Greenland. Ardea 94: 639-650.

Rodway, M.S. 2006. Have winter spacing patterns of Harlequin Ducks been partially shaped by sexual selection? Waterbirds 29: 415-426.

Žydelis, R., D. Esler, W.S. Boyd, D. Lacroix and M. Kirk. 2006. Habitat use by wintering surf and white-winged scoters: effects of environmental attributes and shellfish aquaculture. J. Wildl. Manage. 70: 1754-1762.

Hobson, K.A., J.E. Thompson, M.R. Evans and S. Boyd. 2005. Tracing nutrient allocation to reproduction in Barrow's Goldeneye. J. Wildl. Manage. 69: 1221-1228.

Lacroix, D.L., W.S. Boyd, D. Esler, M. Kirk, T.L. Lewis and S. Lipovsky. 2005. Surf scoters aggregate in association with ephemerally abundant polychaetes. Marine Ornithol. 33: 61-63.

Lewis, T.L., D. Esler, W.S. Boyd and R. Žydelis. 2005. Nocturnal foraging behaviour of wintering surf scoters and white-winged scoters. Condor 107: 637-647.

Rizzolo, D.J., D. Esler, D.D. Roby and R.L. Jarvis. 2005. Do wintering harlequin ducks forage nocturnally at high latitudes? Condor 107: 173-177.

Smith, B.D., M.R. Evans and W.S. Boyd. 2005. A clutch and brood survival model that discriminates random and correlated mortality. Ecol. Appl. 15: 281-293.

Žydelis, R. and D. Esler. 2005. Response of wintering Steller's eiders to herring spawn. Waterbirds 28: 344-350.

Iverson, S.A., D. Esler and D.J. Rizzolo. 2004. Winter philopatry of harlequin ducks in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Condor 106: 711-715.

Iverson, S.A., B.D. Smith and F. Cooke. 2004. Age and sex distributions of wintering surf scoters: implications for the use of age ratios as an index of recruitment. Condor 106: 252-262.

Lacroix, D.L., K.G. Wright and D. Kent. 2004. Observations of above surface littoral foraging in two sea ducks, Barrow's Goldeneye, Bucephala islandica, and Surf Scoter, Melanitta perspicillata, in coastal southwestern British Columbia. Can. Field Nat. 118: 264-266.

McCutchen, N.A. and R.C. Ydenberg. 2004. Harlequin duck Histrionicus histrionicus distribution and stonefly nymph availability in the Maligne Valley watershed - a preliminary study. Wildfowl 55: 75-82.

Iverson, S.A., D. Esler and W.S. Boyd. 2003. Plumage characteristics as an indicator of age class in the Surf Scoter. Waterbirds 26: 56-61.

Öst, M. and A. Back. 2003. Spatial structure and parental aggression in eider broods. Anim. Behav. 66: 1069-1075.

Öst, M., R. Ydenberg, K. Lindstrom and M. Kilpi. 2003. Body condition and the grouping behaviour of brood-caring female common eiders (Somateria mollisima). Beh. Ecol. Sociobiol. 54: 451-457.

Peterson, C.H., S.D. Rice, J.W. Short, D. Esler, J.L. Bodkin, B.A. Ballachey and D.B. Irons. 2003. Long-term ecosystem response to the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Science 302: 2082-2086.

Regehr, H.M. and M.S. Rodway. 2003. Evaluation of nasal discs and colored leg bands as markers for Harlequin Ducks. J. Field Ornithol. 74: 129-135.

Rodway, M.S., H.M. Regehr, J. Ashley, P.V. Clarkson, R.I. Goudie, D.E. Hay, C.M. Smith and K.G. Wright. 2003. Aggregative response of Harlequin Ducks to herring spawning in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia. Can. J. Zool. 81: 504-514.

Rodway, R.S., H.M. Regehr and F. Cooke. 2003. Sex and age differences in distribution, abundance, and habitat preferences of wintering Harlequin Ducks: implications for conservation and estimating recruitment. Can. J. Zool. 81: 492-503.

Esler, D., T.D. Bowman, K. Trust, B.E. Ballachey, T.A. Dean, S.C. Jewett and C.E. O'Clair. 2002. Harlequin duck population recovery following the Exxon Valdez oil spill: progress, process and constraints. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 241: 271-286.

Evans, M.R., D.B. Lank, W.S. Boyd and F. Cooke. 2002. A comparison of the characteristics and fate of Barrow's Goldeneye and Bufflehead nests in nest boxes and natural cavities. Condor 104: 610-619.

Rodway, M.S. and F. Cooke. 2002. Use of fecal analysis to determine seasonal changes in the diet of wintering Harlequin Ducks at a herring spawning site. J. Field Ornithol. 73: 363-371.

Torres, R., F. Cooke, G.J. Robertson and W.S. Boyd. 2002. Pairing decisions in the Harlequin Duck: costs and benefits. Waterbirds 25: 340-347.

Regehr, H.M., C.M. Smith, B. Arquilla and F. Cooke. 2001. Post-fledging broods of migratory Harlequin Ducks accompany females to wintering areas. Condor 103: 408-412.

Rodway, M.S. and F. Cooke. 2001. Effect of food availability on arrival and departure decisions of Harlequin Ducks at diurnal feeding grounds. Condor 103: 870-874.

Smith, C.M., R.I. Goudie and F. Cooke. 2001. Winter age ratios and the assessment of recruitment of Harlequin Ducks. Waterbirds 24: 39-44.

Cooke, F., G.J. Robertson, C.M. Smith, R.I. Goudie and W.S. Boyd. 2000. Survival, emigration and winter population structure of Harlequin Ducks. Condor 102: 137-144.

Hunt, B. and R. Ydenberg. 2000. Harlequins Histrionicus histrionicus in a Rocky Mountain Watershed I: Background and general breeding ecology. Wildfowl 51: 155-168.

Robertson, G.J., F. Cooke, R.I. Goudie and W.S. Boyd. 2000. Spacing patterns, mating systems, and winter philopatry in Harlequin Ducks. Auk 117: 299-307.

Smith, C.M., F. Cooke, G.J. Robertson, R.I. Goudie and W.S. Boyd. 2000. Long-term pair bonds in Harlequin Ducks. Condor 102: 201-205.

Van der Wetering, D. and F. Cooke. 2000. Body weight and feather growth of male Barrow's Goldeneye during wing molt. Condor 102: 228-231.

Coupe, M. and F. Cooke. 1999. Factors affecting the pairing chronologies of three species of mergansers in southwest British Columbia. Waterbirds 22: 452-458.

Robertson, G.J., F. Cooke, R.I. Goudie and W.S. Boyd. 1999. Within year-fidelity of Harlequin Ducks to a moulting and wintering area. Occ. Papers CWS: 45-51.

Kahlert, J., M. Coupe and F. Cooke. 1998. Wintering segregation and timing of pair formation in Red-breasted Mergansers. Wildfowl 49: 161-172.

Robertson, G.J. 1998. Egg adoption can explain joint egg-laying in common eiders. Beh. Ecol. Sociobiol. 43: 289-296.

Robertson, G.J., F. Cooke, R.I. Goudie and W.S. Boyd. 1998. Moult speed predicts pairing success in male Harlequin Ducks. Anim. Behav. 55: 1677-1684.

Robertson, G.J., F. Cooke, R.I. Goudie and W.S. Boyd. 1998. The timing of pair formation in Harlequin Ducks. Condor 100: 551-555.

Rodway, M.S. 1998. Activity patterns, diet, and feeding efficiency of Harlequin Ducks breeding in northern Labrador. Can. J. Zool. 76: 902-909.

Rodway, M.S. 1998. Habitat use by Harlequin Ducks breeding in Hebron Fiord, Labrador. Can. J. Zool. 76: 897-901.

Rodway, M.S., J.W. Gosse, Jr., I. Fong and W.A. Montevecchi. 1998. Discovery of a Harlequin Duck nest in eastern North America. Wilson Bull. 110: 282-285.

Smith, C.M., F. Cooke and R.I. Goudie. 1998. Ageing Harlequin Duck Histrionicus histrionicus drakes using plumage characteristics. Wildfowl 49: 245-248.

Wright, K.G., G.J. Robertson and R.I. Goudie. 1998. Evidence of spring staging and migration route of individual breeding Harlequin Ducks, Histrionicus histrionicus, in southern British Columbia. Can. Field Nat. 112: 518-519.

Cooke, F., G.J. Robertson, R.I. Goudie and W.S. Boyd. 1997. Molt and the basic plumage of male Harlequin Ducks. Condor 99: 83-90.

Gowans, B., G.J. Robertson and F. Cooke. 1997. Behaviour and chronology of pair formation by Harlequin Ducks Histrionicus histrionicus. Wildfowl 48: 135-146.

Robertson, G.J., F. Cooke, R.I. Goudie and W.S. Boyd. 1997. Estimating temporary emigration rates with supplementary information: an example using Harlequin Ducks. The Ring 19: 169-178.

Robertson, G.J., F. Cooke, R.I. Goudie and W.S. Boyd. 1997. The timing of arrival and moult chronology of Harlequin Ducks Histrionicus histrionicus. Wildfowl 48: 147-155.

Reed, A., Y. Aubry and E. Reed. 1994. Surf Scoter, Melanitta perspicillata, nesting in southern Quebec. Can. Field Nat. 108: 364-365.

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Book Chapters, Conference Proceedings, Reports and Other Publications

Gilchrist, H.G., J.P. Heath, L. Arragutainaq, G.J. Robertson, K. Allard, S. Gilliland and M. Mallory. 2006. Combining science and local knowledge to study common eider ducks wintering in Hudson Bay. In: Climate change: linking traditional and scientific knowledge, Riewe, R.and J. Oakes, eds., pp. 284-303. Winnipeg: Univ. Manitoba Aboriginal Issues Press.

Esler, D. and S.A. Iverson. 2009. Evaluating harequin duck population recovery: CYP1A monitoring and a demographic population model. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council Restoration Project Final Report (Project 070816), Centre for Wildlife Ecology, Simon Fraser Universit, Delta, BC, Canada.

Esler, D. 2008. Quantifying temporal variation in harlequin duck exposure to Exxon Valdez oil. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council Final Report (Project 050777).

Esler, D., R. Ydenberg, J. Bond and S. LeBourdais. 2007. Variation in harlequin duck density and productivity: the roles of habitat, competition, and nutrient acquisition. Final Report to BCHydro Coastal Fish and Wildlife Restoration Program.

Smith, C.M. 2003. Strait of Georgia, British Columbia - non-breeding area for Harlequin Ducks that breed throughout the Pacific Northwest. 2003 Georgia Basin/Puget Sound Research Conference, Vancouver.

Smith, C.M., F. Cooke, G.J. Robertson, R.I. Goudie and W.S. Boyd. 2000. Population dynamics of Harlequin Ducks in British Columbia and Alberta. In: Proceedings of a Conference on the Biology and Management of Species and Habitats at Risk, Kamloops, BC, 15-19 Feb. 1999, Darling, L.M., eds., pp. 283-287. Victoria and Kamloops, BC: BC Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks and University College of the Cariboo.

Smith, C.M. Year. Harlequin Ducks and highways in Banff National Park. Proceedings of 4th roads, rails and environment conference: impacts and solutions for aquatic ecosystems, Revelstoke,BC, Morris, J., ed. Columbia Mountains Institute.

Smith, C.M. 2001. Master database for Harlequin Ducks in Strait of Georgia, British Columbia. In: Histrionicus, pp. 4.

Rodway, M.S., J.W. Gosse Jr, I. Fong, W.A. Montevecchi, S.G. Gilliland and G.C. Turner. 2000. Abundance, habitat use, activity patterns, and foraging behaviour of Harlequin Ducks breeding in Hebron Fiord, Labrador, in 1996. CWS Technical Report Series No. 350.

Smith, C.M. 2000. Population dynamics and breeding ecology of Harlequin Ducks in Banff National Park, Alberta, 1995-1999.

Goudie, R.I. and R. Randell. 1999. Harlequin duck project for the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, 1998-99. Unpublished report, 186 pp.

Theses

Palm E. 2012. Trophic, energetic, and physiological responses of wintering white-winged scoters (Melanitta fusca) to habitat variation. MSc, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC.

Hogan, D. 2012. Postbreeding ecology of Barrow's goldeneyes in northwestern Alberta. MSc, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC.

vanStratt, C.S. 2011. Foraging effort by surf scoters at the peripheries of their wintering distribution: do foraging conditions influcence their range? MSc, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC.

Dickson, R.D. 2011. Postbreeding ecology of white-winged scoters (Melanitta fusca) and surf scoters (M. erspicillata) in western North America: wing moult phenology, body mass dynamics and foraging behaviour. MSc, Simon Fraser University.

Gunn, D. 2009. Habitat correlates of wintering sea duck occurrence in southeast Alaska. MSc, Fimon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC.

Lok, E.K. 2008. Site use and migration of scoters (Melanitta spp.) in relation to the spawning of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi). MSc, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby.

Kirk, M. 2006. Movement and foraging behaviours of Surf Scoters wintering in habitats modified by shellfish aquaculture. MSc, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby.

LeBourdais, S.V. 2006. Harlequin duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) density on rivers in southwestern British Columbia in relation to food availability and indirect interactions with fish. MSc, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby.

Gorman, K.B. 2005. Reproductive energetics of female Greater Scaup (Aythya marila): Nutritional and physiological correlates of timing and state of reproduction. MSc, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC

.Lewis, T. 2005. Foraging behaviours and prey depletion by wintering scoters in Baynes Sound, British Columbia: inferring food availability and habitat quality. MSc, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC.

Evans, M.R. 2003. Breeding habitat selection by Barrow's Goldeneye and Bufflehead in the Cariboo-Chilcotin region of British Columbia: nest-sites, brood-rearing habitat, and competition. PhD, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC.

Regehr, H.M. 2003. Movement patterns and population structure of Harlequin Ducks wintering in the Strait of Georgia. MSc, Simon Fraser Unversity, Burnaby, BC. 136 pp.

Rodway, M.S. 2003. Timing of pairing in Harlequin Ducks: interaction of spacing behaviour, time budgets and the influx of Herring spawn. PhD, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC. 192 pp.

Iverson, S. 2002. Recruitment and the spatial organization of Surf Scoter (Melanitta perspicillata) populations during the winter in the Strait of Georgia. MSc, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC. 87 pp.

LaCroix, D. 2001. Foraging impacts and patterns of wintering Surf Scoters feeding on bay mussels in coastal Strait of Georgia, BC. MSc, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC. 126 pp.

Smith, C.M. 2000. Survival and recruitment of juvenile Harlequin Ducks. MSc, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC. 83 pp.

MacCharles, A. 1997. Diving and foraging behaviour of wintering Common Eiders (Somateria mollissima) at Capre St. Mary's, Newfoundland. MSc, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC. 139 pp.

Robertson, G.J. 1997. Pair formation, mating system, and winter philopatry of Harlequin Ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus). PhD, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC. 179 pp.

van der Wetering, D.E. 1997. Moult characteristics and habitat selection of postbreeding male Barrow's Goldeneye (Bucephala islandica) in northern Yukon. MSc, Simon Fraser University,, Burnaby, BC. 68 pp.