Subject Index
Absolute, the, 40abstract calculus, 32-3, 35– interpretation of, 32-3, 53\ n.11absurdity (see also nonsense), 147, 152acquaintance (direct awareness), 309, 363, 363 n.4actualism, 243aesthetics, 12 n.4, 22, 83, 93affirmative-action policies, 93algebra, 18, 75, 85, 230-1algorithm, 54 n.12, 55, 397Alzheimer's disease, 13-15, 21anachronism, 63analogy, 61, 275, 310, 348-9, 350, 354– between space and time, 189, 190-203, 207, 213, 215– between pains and physical objects– contrasted with model, 62– fallacious, 179– in inference, 79– in mathematics, 163– role of, in classification, 139analysis of concepts– broad. See explication– narrow (pure), 100-1, 113, 139antecedent conditions, 36, 58, 104, 276anthropic principle, 275, 275 n.1anthropology, 18-19, 18 n.9, 38, 77antinomies of space and time, 147apories (aporetic clusters), 411a posteriori. See under knowledgea priori. See under knowledgearchaeology, forensic, 18, 18 n.9arithmetic, 76, 78, 84Artificial Intelligence (AI), 49 n.7, 91, 92, 117, 323, 324 n.32, 413assemblages (scattered objects), 195, 265 n.18, 267, 334, 334 n.4, 349, 352attributes. See properties, qualities vs. relationsaxioms, 83, 84
B A C O n.1 - B A C O n.6 (computer programs), 52Barber paradox, 152, 155, 309beauty, 235becoming, the concept of, 179begging the question, 37, 95, 219, 221, 223, 317, 398"being", 265belief, 14, 31, 42, 92-3, 263 n.16, 398– condition for knowledge, 100-1– of animals, 30, 30 n.3– sources of, 15, 115– standards of rational belief, 240, 328-9, 328 n.1betweenness, concept of, 260, 260 n.15bibliography– on anthropic principle, 275 n.1– on computational explorations of problem solving, 49 n.6– on death and dying, 414– on extraterrestrial intelligence, 411– on freeze tolerance, 225 n.38– on measurement, 246 n.9– on mind-body problem, 314 n.28biology, 78, 79, 235, 269 n.21biomorphs, 410{page 434}blindness, 170 n.15, 181 n.20, 396 n.23body, human (see also person[s], distinct from human being[s]), 16, 93, 109, 305born, having never been, 381 n.13brain (see also mind/brain)– Aristotle on the, 138– death, 91– infants (anacephalics) born lacking a, 360, 362– split-brain phenomena, 91– surgery on, 139-40– transplant, 387, 388
calculus, 78, 79, 84caloric. See heat, caloric theorycancer, 139-40, 142causality, 22, 36, 73, 94, 101, 115, 157, 212-13, 222, 251, 375– imperceptibility of the relation of, 102– imposed by the mind, 102– psychologists' investigations of the concept of, 31-2, 31 n.4– role in explanation, 58causal theory of mind and brain. See under mind/brainCave, the Allegory of the, 131-2, 131 n.4, 374central nervous system, 94, 95, 105, 134-8, 314, 315cerebral hemispheres, 92certainty, 27, 28-9, 37-8, 68, 240change, 189– in spatial relations, 195-7, 256– in temporal relations, 176-7, 197-9– over time, 90, 176-7, 196, 208-9, 232 n.3, 329-30, 330-1, 331-2chemistry, 78, 235, 247childhood development, 25, 29-30, 31, 31 n.4, 120-1, 131, 181-2, 181 n.18, 181 n.19, 305, 308 n.22, 313Christian Scientists, 241circularity, 288, 292 n.15, 295, 303, 304, 305, 306, 308, 311, 319classes (sets) (see also set theory), 157, 265 n.18, 267, 268, 272, 398, 405– infinite, 291 n.14clinical studies, 140, 140 n.6clusters. See assemblagescoextension, 269, 337, 365 n.6, 398cognitive science, 48-54, 55, 56, 92coincidences– of invention, 78-9– of publication, 314collections. See assemblagescollective unconscious, 167color perception, 130, 168-70, 170 n.15, 242color space, 162common sense, 158, 171communication, 209– with alien life, 82-9, 205, 207, 210, 212complexity, 56, 57computer, 21, 49, 49 n.7, 117, 323, 413– architecture, 324– brain as a, 324– emulating human behavior, 21, 48, 50 n.8, 52, 117, 323, 324 n.32conceptions contrasted with concepts, 267, 267 n.19concepts– analysis of. See analysis of concepts; explication– animals', 105– contrasted with conceptions, 267, 267 n.19– designed for this world, 108 n.12, 113, 301-2– distinguishing between related, 110-11, 135-6, 139-43, 156, 308-9– empirical, 270, 284, 400– fundamental, 23, 114, 262, 309-10– generation of, 34, 77, 84-5, 105, 263 n.16– identity of, 138– in flux, 142– modal, 226-7– placing under stress, 108-12, 113-17, 118-44{page 435}– pragmatics of using, 33 n.7, 141– pre-analytic, 103, 104, 183, 244-5, 345 n.11– referents of, 52 n.10– revising, 23, 25-6, 101-8, 113, 123– sufficient conditions for having, 97, 97 n.4, 267 n.19– used naturally (spontaneously), 31– vagueness in, 97-100, 119Conceptualism. See schools of philosophy, Conceptualismconfirmation, 28, 42, 69, 322, 326, 398Congress (U.S. government), 80 n.3conic sections, theory of, 28, 84consciousness (see also mind), 20, 21, 30, 117, 267 n.19, 372– as necessary condition for personhood, 360– components of, 371– distinguished from the external world, 305– locating acts of, 264– objects of, 315– of machines (computers), 132, 323, 324 n.32– popular view of, 314– stream of, 364, 375– transfer of, 109, 370– worlds devoid of, 267, 305-6content– empirical, 32, 107– explanatory, 121– information, 74 n.17, 253, 253 n.13contingency, 133, 184, 186, 263, 300-1, 313, 315 n.29, 351, 399controversy– about the reality of relations, 261– arising from clash of intuitions, 372– avoided in public school teaching, 75-6– between realists and anti-realists, 272– concerning philosophical theories, 36, 104, 118, 121, 135, 141, 155-6, 239, 355, 411– nature of, 7– pervasiveness of, 7– within science, 48 n.4, 54, 68-9, 121, 247, 410convention, 93, 160, 255, 350cosmology, 81 n.5, 275 n.1counterfactuals, 100, 108, 110, 111, 302 n.20, 399counterparts, incongruous, 204-5, 207coupletons, 301, 302 n.20, 351Creation Science, 27-8, 88, 410creativity (see also imagination), 20, 52, 54 n.13, 57, 75, 77, 78curve fitting, 51, 51 n.9, 56cybernetics, 92
Dallia pectoralis, 225death, 14-15, 99-100, 116, 154, 363, 366, 368, 384, 387, 414– justice after. See justice, after deathdebate. See controversydefeasibility, 349definition– adult's skill needed, 29, 248-9– descriptive, 26, 106-7, 399– stipulative, 283, 406density, concept of, 248-51, 296-7description, incompleteness in, 315desires, 392-3determinism, 16, 217 n.34– historical, 80deviance, linguistic, 129diachronic identity. See identity-through-timedifference (see also one and the many), 229, 279-80, 283, 284, 286, 289, 291, 295, 298, 309, 365 n.6dimensions– extended concept of, 162– fractal, 160 n.10– topological, 160, 160 n.10, 185, 185 n.24, 187 n.25, 203 n.29, 204, 214, 264, 406, 412Dispenser of Justice, 391-6dispositional properties, 241-5, 302 n.20, 376-7{page 436}DNA, 28 n.2, 229, 233, 294double (of a person). See look-alikeDrake equation, 81 n.4, 81 n.5drunkenness, 380 n.11dualist theory of mind and brain. See under mind/brain
economics, 92, 247electricity, myths about, 145-6emergence, 251-4emotions, 82, 83, 140empirical. See under concepts; content; knowledge; questionempiricism. See under schools of philosophyenantiomorphs, 204-5, 207energy, law of the conservation of, 44epistemology, 12 n.4, 391 n.22, 400eschatology, 387, 400essences, individual. See properties, haecceitistethics, 12 n.4, 22, 78, 92, 93, 131, 167, 410Euclidean Axiom, 352events, 94, 157evolution– convergent, 79-80– goal-directedness in, 79-80, 88– of life (see also life, conditions for), 76-7– on other planets, 81-3, 82 n.6– preconditions for, 185 n.23– theory of, 27-8, 88, 91, 410exactness, 103, 104, 244-5, 318-19existence (see also external world; realism; subsistence), 242-3, 266, 329– as `creation', 329-30, 330 n.2– interrupted (gappy), 330, 363, 364 n.5– problem posed by, 274-7exobiology, 80 n.3, 81 n.5, 400, 411experience (see also senses [sensory modes]), 56, 57, 130, 222-3, 224, 297-8, 301– limits of, 40, 211, 211 n.32, 236-7, 312-13– waking vs. dreaming, 216, 220experiment, 5, 21, 25, 42, 63-4, 64-6, 69, 70, 91, 94, 107, 165 n.12, 237– crucial, 322, 327– thought experiment, 213, 229, 232-3, 287 n.10explanation, 28, 32, 33, 38, 55, 56, 57– alternative sets of, 69, 72-4– as more than description, 284, 290– contrasted with explication, 104 n.10– depth of, 294– historical, 276– in terms of causes, 27, 58-9– invoking non-observables, 57– limits on, 277– models (theories) of, 36, 58-9, 104, 275 n.1– models in, 121– natural vs. supernatural, 238-9– of human behavior, 243-4– teleological, 58-9, 275 n.1– transcending experience, 21explication, 33, 36-7, 101-8, 113– contrasted with explanation, 104 n.10– criteria for judging, 102-8, 113-14, 123-4, 129– dictionaries, role in, 118-19– inability to offer, 145, 309– levels of, 294– preconditions for, 244-5, 307-8– truth-valued components of, 105external world, 235-41, 305, 328, 328 n.1extrasensory modes, 20, 274extraterrestrial intelligence (see also SETI), 207, 400, 411
fallacy of begging the question. See begging the questionfallacy of reification, 155 n.7fallibility, 29fatalism, 226{page 437}feral children, 131fields (in physics), 321, 322filter (in engineering), 31final causes, 58forces, 61, 320forms. See universalsfree will, 17, 21, 22, 107, 410fruitfulness, 103, 105
galaxies, the interpenetrability of, 296, 302gases, behavior of, 61, 320General Semantics. See Korzybski, Alfredgeometry, 35, 75, 78, 84– beauty in, 36– Euclidean, 163, 165– fractal, 160 n.10– imposed by the mind, 30-1– non-Euclidean, 78, 79, 90, 160-6goals (see also purpose; see under evolution; Nature), 58 n.14God (see also Dispenser of Justice), 43, 58, 77, 88, 92, 93, 111 n.13, 149, 150, 175, 233, 238, 240, 274, 285, 306, 330, 330 n.2gravitation, 79, 87, 165, 320-2Great Wall of China, 188-9, 194guesses (as hypotheses), 26, 74
haecceity. See properties, haecceitistHal (computer), 117half-truth, 72, 401handicapped, the, 394-6, 396 n.23Harvard University, 91 n.2Hawaii, 195, 196heat, 71– Bacon on, 42-7– caloric theory, 61-8– kinetic (dynamic) theory, 60, 319-20– latent, 60, 64– Rumford on, 63-9– specific, 44 n.2, 60heaven (see also life, after death), 131 n.4, 392, 395, 396hell (see also life, after death), 131 n.4, 392here-and-now, 304-5heuristics, 50, 51, 53, 54 n.12, 54 n.13, 55, 56history, 6, 40– human, 76-80– inevitability in, 77-80, 88– natural, 60– of mathematics. See under mathematics– of philosophy. See under philosophy– of physiology, 138– of science. See under science– personal, 305– political, 78Htraenon (planet), 136-7human being (distinct from person). See person(s), distinct from human being(s)hypotheses, 26, 44, 45– generation of, 42-59, 263 n.16hypothesis space, 50, 187 n.25
idealism, 238, 401"ideas in the mind", ambiguity of, 271, 271 n.24identity– contrasted with correlation, 325-6– diachronic. See identity-through-time– metaphysical principles favoring, 325-6– numerical (see also identity-through-time; individuation), 230-4, 231 n.3, 278, 279– of indiscernibles (see also indiscernibility, of identicals), 232, 279, 285, 286– of mind and brain. See under mind / brain– of properties ( / states), 315-27{page 438}– personal. See personal identity– qualitative, 229-34, 231 n.2, 274, 279, 285, 286, 333, 341– synchronic. See individuation– through time. See identity-through-time– uniqueness (peculiarity) of the relation of, 311identity-through-time, 100, 192-3, 278, 287 n.10, 302, 328-57– adapted to the contingencies of this world, 353, 356– competing criteria of, 347-51, 351, 379– conceptual not perceptual problem, 329-31, 347-8– consistent with change, 331-2, 332, 335-6, 340– consistent with replacement of parts, 331-2, 333-5, 337, 344-51– contrasted with individuation, 278-9, 287 n.10, 328, 333– conventional aspects of, 350-1– epistemological problem of, 336, 337– formal conditions for, 333, 340, 342, 343– Hume on, 329, 331-2– impossibility of a general account of, 344, 344 n.11– ineliminable vagueness in the criterion of, 354-7– informed by ethics, the law, etc., 353, 356– `loose' and `strict' concepts of, 332, 337, 345 n.11– metaphysical presuppositions of theory of, 329-30– metaphysical problem of, 337– negative theories of, 337-57– of kind, 343, 344, 344 n.11– of objects not continuously observed, 329-30– of properties, 331-2– of ship of Theseus, 344-51– of stuff, 335, 343, 345 n.11– parts as identifier, 334-5, 341 n.8, 347-51, 351– positive (substance) theory of, 335-7, 355imagination (see also creativity), 143-4, 207imitation game (Turing), 324 n.32impenetrability of physical objects, 112, 295-302, 362– Locke on, 297-8– Newton on, 297– principle of, 295, 297, 299, 302– Quinton on, 298-9, 299 n.19– Waismann on, 299implication, 231incoherence, 129, 147, 152, 158, 167, 172, 218, 230, 306, 382-5, 386indeterminacy. See mechanics, quantumindiscernibility– in principle, 231 n.2– of identicals (see also identity, of indiscernibles), 231, 231 n.2, 232 n.3, 314, 314 n.27individual things. See particularsindividuation, 279-327, 413– adapted to the contingencies of this world, 297, 301-2, 302 n.20, 362 n.3– by direct observation, 312, 313– by reference to a privileged position, 304-5– contrasted with identity-through-time, 278-9, 287 n.10, 328, 333– counting, as a criterion of, 280, 280 n.4, 294, 309 n.23, 362– epistemological problem of, 280, 284, 285, 287, 289, 291, 294, 298, 304, 305-7– logically independent means of, 311-12, 317-18– metaphysical problem of, 280, 284, 285, 289, 294, 305-7– methodology of, 312-27– negative (bundle) theories of (see also {page 439} individuation, radical negative theory), 279, 284-311– of nonphysical objects, 311-27– positive (substance) theories of, 279, 281-4, 294, 308-9, 310, 336– radical negative theory of, 307-11– role of theory in, 322-7– theory of absolute space and time as a presupposition of, 303-7induction– as a logic of discovery, 47, 55, 56, 60– as a logic of justification, 47– Bacon's theory of, 42-7, 86– by simple enumeration, 46inference, 46, 253 n.13, 309infinite regress, 266, 295, 303, 304, 305, 335instantiation, 28, 266, 290, 293instinct (see also intuitions), 106instrumentalism, 53 n.10instruments, scientific, 20, 60, 159, 164, 174, 284, 320intelligence, 246– limits on human, 43, 45interpretation of an abstract calculus. See under abstract calculusintuitions, 62, 105-6, 106 n.11, 115, 116, 224, 251, 252, 253, 345 n.11, 346 n.11, 349, 354-5, 372, 379, 384-5, 389invention, 78-9
journals (see also magazines, popular)– interdisciplinary, 92 n.3– philosophical, 5, 6, 114, 115, 156– scientific, 4-5, 33, 90, 90 n.1justice, 106, 107, 108, 380, 410– after death, 380 n.11, 390-6
knowledge– absence of natural stopping point, 97– analysis of, 100, 410– analytic, 101– a posteriori (experiential), 20-1, 181-2, 298, 397– a priori, 55, 57, 59, 90, 91, 101, 101 n.8, 106, 224, 397– empirical, 56, 59, 90, 101 n.8, 400– ideal, 35– in metaphysics, 96– of parts and of wholes, 251-3– prenatal, 116– prior (background), 27, 104, 107, 391 n.22– unsatisfactory, 158
language, 82, 84, 86, 92, 97– animals' lack of, 30, 30 n.3, 97 n.4– changes in, 142, 166-7, 166 n.13– learning, 101 n.8– machine translation of, 50 n.8– of textbooks, 34– philosophy of, 115– speaking, 112Law (jurisprudence), 360-1, 389law of addition (Campbell), 246-7law of excluded middle, 401law(s)– causal, 213– historical, 276– of addition, 246-7– of excluded middle, 401– of Nature, 211 n.32, 217 n.34, 270 n.23, 275 n.2, 299, 301, 352, 391 n.22, 392-3, 404– of thermodynamics, 213, 314– physical. See law(s), of Nature– protolaws, 275 n.2– scientific, 36, 56, 84, 146, 247– statistical, 104, 294– universal, 104life– after death, 390-6– conditions for (see also evolution, of life), 81light, transmission of, 150, 165, 165 n.12, 213, 236, 322linguistic deviance, 129linguistics, 92{page 440}lobotomy, 139-40, 142logarithms, 28"logic", the definition of, 55-6logic, 12 n.4, 68, 78, 90, 115, 261– engine, 49– of theory testing, 69-74– truth of, 148, 227Logical Positivism. See under schools of philosophyLondon Bridge, 350look-alike (double of a person), 383-5, 383 n.14love, unrequited, 392
magazines, popular, 5mapping between spatial and temporal terms, 190-2, 193, 196, 197, 199, 200, 208maps (of one's body), internal, 121mass, 150, 166, 189– concept of, 52-3, 53 n.11, 78, 79, 85, 249, 259, 301– inertial vs. gravitational, 320-2, 324– punctiform, 52 n.10, 186materialism, 238, 402mathematics (see also algebra; arithmetic; calculus; geometry), 18, 79, 86, 107, 410– abstract entities in, 272-3– history of, 18, 75, 76– regarded as an a priori science, 90– symbolic formulas in, 32-3, 231-2– symbols of, 76meanings of words– ambiguity in, 271 n.24, 280-1– change in, 99-100, 100 n.5, 142, 150, 236 n.5, 268 n.21– equivalence in the, 316, 319– knowing the, 29– nonexistent, 129– specialized, 166measurement, 60, 65, 158-60, 158 n.8, 164, 173-4, 245-7, 246 n.9, 320mechanics– fundamental concepts of, 85– Newtonian, 79, 85, 87, 320-1, 322– quantum, 63, 72, 85-6, 92, 276 n.2memory, 107, 174, 220-3, 236 n.5, 256, 318, 371-2, 372 n.10, 376– Butler on, 371-2– dispositional nature of, 376-7– distinguished from precognition, 220-4– encoded in central nervous system, 377– Hume on, 372 n.10, 375– Locke on, 371, 379– loss, 376, 378-9, 380 n.11, 381 n.12– swapping, 377-8– symmetry with anticipation, 387– veridical vs. falsidical, 220-3, 373-4, 376Mercury (planet), 322mereological sums. See assemblagesmetaphor, 121"metaphysics", etymology of, 21, 21 n.11metaphysics (see also philosophy; theories, metaphysical)– blending into science, 21, 41-2, 55, 57, 62, 90-1, 96, 236– comprehensive, 22– contrasted with other branches of philosophy, 12 n.4– descriptive, 23– essence of, 186– informed by science, 41-2– pervasiveness of its presuppositions, 70, 240-1– popular (naive), 313-14– practice of, 37, 102, 171-2, 361, 388-90– revisionary, 23– speculative, 39, 275 n.2– underdetermined by empirical data, 72methodology, 86, 402– philosophical, 113-17, 118, 152, {page 441} 152-7, 171-2, 175, 219, 233, 238, 240-1, 244-5, 278, 282, 284, 307, 340-1– quantitative, 60, 65– scientific, 54, 55-8, 60, 75, 102, 156, 250, 319-27, 368metric, 342 n.9Mill's methods, 43, 102mind (see also mind/brain; consciousness), 22, 54 n.13, 93, 111, 157, 214, 271, 365, 410– location in space, 264mind/brain– causal theory, 135, 325– dualism, 92, 93-6, 325-6– identity theory, 135, 313-27– monism, 95-6miracle, 77, 107mirror images, 183 n.22, 204Mississippi River, 193-4, 265 n.18, 352mitosis, 301, 302 n.20, 351-3model of the world, 62models– in explanation. See under explanation– in geometry, 164– in scientific explanations, 121– of explanation. See under explanationmonist theory of mind and brain. See under mind/brainmotion– as basis of heat, 44, 46-7, 60, 63, 66, 67– laws of, 84– Newton's second law of, 33, 52, 53 n.11– Newton's third law of, 79, 87multiplicity (see also one and the many), 229, 274murder, 116, 226, 394music, 82-3myths, 38
NASA, 80 n.3, 81, 344 n.11natural kind, 281 n.5natural philosophy, 90natural place, 238Nature, 77– goal-directedness in, 79– imperfection in, 233– order underlying, 48– reading the secrets of, 55, 56, 75, 86, 87– supposed simplicity of, 57necessary condition, 83, 86, 275, 403necessary truth, 298-9, 300, 302, 351, 403neighborhood (mathematics), 342, 342 n.9neurophysiology, 134, 138, 323Nominalism. See schools of philosophy, Nominalistnonsense (see also absurdity), 145-6, 147, 148, 187 n.25Nothing (Nothingness), 39, 153-5, 155 n.7, 330 n.2, 365, 366nothing (quantifier), 153-5, 155 n.7number, concept of, 114 n.15, 245numbers, 84, 157, 158, 231, 402numerical identity. See identity, numerical
objectivity, 6, 37, 70-1, 83, 93, 174, 216, 221-3, 238, 240, 356objects, abstract (see also objects, nonphysical; objects, physical), 265-6, 271, 272objects, nonphysical (see also objects, abstract; objects, physical), 61, 94, 95, 112, 157– individuation of, 311-27objects, physical (see also objects, abstract; objects, nonphysical), 16, 31, 94, 115, 157, 223– as `copies' of universals, 266– as distributions of energy, 148 n.2– as objects of sensory modes, 119{page 442}– as sharing universals, 266– Berkeley on, 167, 238– endurance through time, 100, 101, 187-9, 362– external to one's body, 131-2, 133-4– impenetrability of. See impenetrability of physical objects– located in space (/time), 149, 150, 264, 265– multidimensional, 189– necessary conditions for being, 183-6, 194, 296, 299-300– obscured from view, 30, 71– parts of, 100– perception of, 168– primitiveness of the concept of, 307-11– problem posed by the existence of, 274-8– properties of, 107– role in negative theory of space, 148– scattered. See assemblages– skepticism about the existence of, 277-8– spatiotemporal. See objects, physical, located in space (/time)– temporally symmetrical, 208-9observation, 42, 45, 54, 54 n.13, 55, 56, 57, 59, 69, 322occurrent properties, 241 n.6Ockham's razor, 307, 307 n.21, 325Ohm's law, 33one and the many, the question of the, 228-34, 270ontology, 157-8, 171-2, 274, 276 n.2, 403opinion, 93optics, theory of geometrical, 27, 28ordered pairs, 286, 287, 406orderings, 187 n.25, 246-7, 249, 290, 342order underlying Nature, 48ordinary-language philosophy. See schools of philosophy, ContextualistOzma problem, 207, 210
pains, 17-18, 20, 95, 96, 118, 157, 238, 392-3– distinct from injury, 121-9, 134-5– locating, 120-9– object of, 119, 130-2– phantom-limb, 121-9– psychosomatic, 134– shared, out-of-body, 118-29, 143– their hurting, 139-43, 143– theories of, 119-22, 134, 138, 244– unfelt, 130-4, 143– without a nervous system, 135-8, 143paradigms, 59paranormal, 91paraphrase (see also propositions, equivalent), 152, 155-7, 167particulars, 22, 40, 259, 262, 266, 271, 401, 403– bare, 308-9, 310parts– contrasted with properties, 261-2, 333-5– location (in space and time) of, 295, 299 n.19, 353– replacement of vs. disassembly into, 350– spatial and temporal, 188, 191-2, 194, 199, 203 n.30, 215, 265 n.18, 276, 352– tropes as `subtle' parts, 268past, altering the, 226-7perception, 236, 236 n.5– alleged imperceptibility of constant objects in, 364 n.6– centrality in empiricism, 238– interrupted (discontinuous), 329, 363– theories of, 236, 309personal identity (see also person[s]; souls), 14, 107, 108-11, 256-7, 357, 358-96, 413-14– adapted to the contingencies of this world, 378– Butler on, 371-2– conferred by bundles of sensations, 367– conferred by (human) body, 367, 370, 379-81, 381 n.12{page 443}– conferred by memory (and personality) (see also memory), 363, 367, 371-4, 377-81, 385-6– conferred by soul (see also souls), 367, 367-70– dependent on anticipations, 387– dependent on historical setting, 381-5, 385 n.18– dependent on one's parentage, 386– dependent on possessions, 387– epistemological problem of, 368-9– extended in time, 362-3– grounded in self. See self– ineliminable vagueness in the criteria for, 388-90– legal implications of criterion of, 379-81– Locke on, 370-1– metaphysical problem of, 369– practical criterion of, 376– principal contemporary theories of, 367-81– requirements for a theory of, 376-7– same as individuation of person, 361-3person(s) (see also personal identity; souls), 14-15, 16, 78, 108-11, 115– conceptual vs. legal criteria for being, 360-1– distinct from human being(s), 109-11, 115, 116, 222, 222 n.36, 359-61, 361-2– history of concept of, 116– in nonhuman bodies, 358-9, 360, 360 n.1, 360 n.2, 362, 369– Locke on, 100, 115– necessarily embodied, 374, 376, 378personality, 111, 243-4, 256-7, 376– different from character, 377– dispositional nature of, 376-7– encoded in central nervous system, 377phenomenology, 130, 132, 135, 169, 170 n.15, 404philosophers of science, 33, 47-8philosophy (see also ethics; metaphysics), 92– absence of natural stopping point, 294– aesthetic aspects of, 143– as an attitude, 8– consensus within, 38 n.9– departments of, 90, 91 n.2– history of, 22, 257, 261, 262, 268, 287, 306, 314– humor in, 153 n.5– informed by empirical data, 91, 107– main divisions, 12 n.4– pleasure in doing, 5-6, 143, 190, 266– practice of, 115, 118, 156-7, 356– questions naturally arising in, 228– schools of. See schools of philosophy– teaching of, 37, 156– writing of, 5-7, 239physics, 72, 78, 79, 84, 151, 160, 211, 235, 247, 275 n.1– causal explanations in, 58– departments of, 90– laws of, 83– symbolism of, 84place (see also space)– being in more than one, 192-5, 216-18, 218 n.35, 264, 352– concept of, 148– determined by coordinate system, 303– exclusivity of, 292-5, 295-302– natural, 238– of the entire universe, 265 n.18Platonism. See realism, in regard to universalspoets, 118poliomyelitis, theory of, 27, 28, 62position (in space and time), 292-5, 303-7– privileged (here-and-now), 304-5Positivism, Logical. See schools of philosophy, Logical Positivistpossibility– logical, 110, 112, 135-6, 139, 140, 141, 152, 182, 183, 217, 226, 227, 233, 383, 396– physical, 81, 108, 109, 217, 225, 391, 391 n.22, 395, 404{page 444}possible worlds (see also possible-worlds tales), 260, 272, 292, 301-2, 302 n.20, 351, 399, 403– as counterfactual situations, 100– best of all, 111 n.13– concept of, 108, 108 n.12, 108-12, 114, 115, 245– devoid of consciousness, 267, 305-6– in which Bacon's methods work, 56, 60– in which fission (of ordinary objects) is commonplace, 352-3, 353 n.13– in which memory swapping occurs, 377-8– in which sensory modalities do not correlate, 182-3, 184-5– in which time travel occurs, 226– remote from the actual world, 302 n.20– role in conceptual analysis, 113possible-worlds tales (see also possible worlds), 112, 139, 272– illustrating identity-through-time solely of `thing', 344 n.11– illustrating material objects occupying the same place, 299, 300, 301-2– illustrating out-of-body pain, 124-9– illustrating pains in the absence of nervous systems, 136-8– illustrating pains which do not hurt, 139-41– illustrating unconnectedness of space and of time, 215-24– illustrating unfelt pain, 132-4– in theory of individuation, 301-2, 302 n.20– limits in effectiveness of, 108 n.12, 113-17, 218-19– role in conceptual analysis, 118, 143-4potentiality, 241, 243precognition, 20, 220-4, 384predecessor/successor, 342predication, 255, 257, 259, 404prediction, 217 n.34, 251presuppositions, 6, 70-2, 107, 152, 223primitive tribes, 77probability, 71, 77, 79-80, 81, 102, 106problem solving, 48-54, 55profit, 25progress, human, 77proof, 38, 70-1, 72, 86, 107, 238, 239, 240properties– accidental (extrinsic), 106 n.11, 234, 257, 356, 397– analysis of the concept of, 234– binary, 245-6– cataloguing of, 234-5, 235-61– centrality of the concept of, 234– change in, 196– comparative vs. quantitative, 245-7– contrasted with parts. See parts, contrasted with properties– eliminable vs. ineliminable, 248-50, 257-61, 268, 287– emergent, 251-4– existing outside of space and time, 264-5– generality of, 262, 288, 290, 293– haecceitist, 288-90, 290, 291– intensive vs. extensive, 248-51, 301– intrinsic, 234, 255, 260– logically inconsistent, 177-8– manifest vs. dispositional, 241-5, 302 n.20, 376-7– mathematical, 164– occurrent, 241 n.6– of part and of whole, 251-2– of properties, 246, 246 n.8, 247-8, 250, 266– of surfaces, 164– ordinal, 288 n.12, 290-5– physical, 95, 164– primary vs. secondary, 235-41– proprietary, 288, 290, 292, 293-4– qualities vs. relations, 255-61, 285, 286-7– regarded as tropes, 268-70– relational, 258-9, 285-8, 290, 290 n.13{page 445}– requirements for a theory of, 262-3– sharing in common (see also identity, qualitative), 231-2, 231 n.2, 232-4, 262, 267, 270, 274, 279, 286, 333– uninstantiated, 262-3, 268propositions, 404– equivalent (see also paraphrase), 260– particular, 403– relational, 257-61– subject/predicate, 257-61pseudo-statements, 41psychoanalysts, 118psychologizing, 34psychology, 38, 84, 92, 95, 231 n.2, 247, 323, 367– departments of, 90-1, 91 n.2punishment, 16-17, 379-80, 380 n.11, 381 n.12, 393-4purpose (see also goals), 58-9
qualitative identity. See identity, qualitativequalitative property. See properties, comparative vs. quantitativequalitative similarity, the relation of (see also similarity), 341-4, 343 n.10, 350qualities. See properties, qualities vs. relationsquantifier (see also nothing [quantifier]), 154, 231question(s)– arising naturally in philosophy, 228– empirical, 118– fallacy of begging the. See begging the question– unanswerable (ill-conceived), 152, 168-71, 276-7, 278, 309
raccoon's tale, 358-9rationality, 369realism (see also existence)– in regard to definable properties, 250-1– in regard to manifest properties, 243– in regard to relations, 256-61– in regard to universals, 263, 265-73, 270 n.23, 407– in science (see also theoretical entities), 52 n.10reconstruction, philosophical. See explicationred-shift, 322regress, infinite. See infinite regressre-identification. See identity-through-timerelational properties. See properties, relationalrelation(s)– as solution to problem of identity-through-time, 337– as solution to problem of individuation, 292-5, 303, 310-11, 317, 318– change in. See under change– `collapsed', 290, 290 n.13– contrasted with qualities. See properties, qualities vs. relations– identity-preserving, 341-4– in the theory of tropes, 269-70– of identity, 311-12– of qualitative similarity, 341-4– ontically necessary, 271 n.23– spatial, 112, 215-17, 265 n.18– temporal, 215-24, 265 n.18relativity, Einstein's theories of, 92, 145, 150, 165 n.12, 187 n.25, 276 n.2, 293 n.16, 322, 412religion, 12, 88, 93, 264, 274-5, 366, 366 n.7, 367-8, 391research, quantitative, 60resemblance (see also similarity), 375– in Locke's theory of perception, 237retrodiction, 217 n.34, 405
scattered objects. See assemblagesschools, public, 7, 27-8, 54, 75-6, 145-6, 351schools of philosophy, 6, 33, 389– Analytic, 6, 33, 35, 103{page 446}– Cartesian, 238, 398– Conceptualist, 267, 273– Contextualist (ordinary-language), 33– Continental, 154– Emergentist, 251-4– Empiricist, 237, 238, 239, 240, 397– Existentialist, 154– Formalist, 33-7, 104– Idealist, 238– Logical Positivist, 39-42, 96– Materialist, 238– Necessitarian, 271 n.23– Nominalist, 267, 268, 270 n.23– Platonist. See realism, in regard to universals– Regularist, 271 n.23– Scholastic, 111, 329-30– Williams, D.C., and K. Campbell (on tropes), 267, 268-70science, 20-1– blending into metaphysics, 21, 41-2, 55, 57, 59, 62, 90-1, 96, 236, 250, 365 n.6– history of, 54, 75, 249, 253, 275 n.1, 306, 316, 319-22, 326– limits of, 90-7– meaningfulness of statements in, 41-2– metaphysical presuppositions in, 75, 81-9, 91, 247, 250, 254, 327, 410– progress in, 323– teaching of, 34-5, 145-6science-fiction theorizing. See possible worlds; possible-worlds talesscientific society, 90"scientist", origin of the term, 67 n.16self-refutation, 364self (see also personal identity)– as a bundle of perceptions, 364– dysfunctional concept of, 389 n.20– Hume on, 363-4– ineffableness of, 365– no-ownership theory of, 364– Taylor on, 365-6– variety of theories of, 366-7semantics, 248, 316, 405sense-data, 130 n.3senses (sensory modes) (see also extrasensory modes), 19-21, 78, 84, 170 n.15, 252– adverbial theory of, 130, 132, 134– Bacon on the trustworthiness of, 45– correlations across, 181-6, 181 n.20, 260, 312-13, 313 n.26– corroborated by physical data, 221-3– Locke on, 235-6, 237– more than five, 19-20– objects of, 119, 328– relational (act/object) theory of, 130, 132, 134SETI (Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence) (see also extraterrestrial intelligence), 80-9, 400set theory, 18, 148-9ship of Theseus, 344-51, 379similarity, relation of (see also qualitative similarity; resemblance), 259, 268, 270simplicity, 103, 104, 105singletons, 301, 302 n.20skepticism (about the external world), 240, 328sleep, 118, 216-18, 363, 364 n.5, 380, 383 n.14social science, 58 n.14, 247solidity (of material objects). See impenetrability of physical objectssouls (see also personal identity; person[s]), 21, 108-9, 365, 366 n.7, 367-70, 370, 376sounds, world of, 112space (see also parts, spatial and temporal; place; relations, spatial) 9-11, 13, 16, 22, 71– amorphousness of absolute space, 303-4, 306– as a kind of `stuff'. See space, positive theory– connectedness (unity) of, 214-24{page 447}– curvature of, 160-7– edgelessness of, 10, 147, 149, 151, 152, 155– extended (generalized) concept of, 50, 162-3, 180-6, 187 n.25– extension in, 186-7, 188, 193-4, 199-200, 336– formal analogy with time, 172, 189, 190-203, 207-13, 215-24, 400– hypothesis space, 50, 187 n.25– infinity of, 9-10– inscrutableness of, 146– Leibniz on, 148-9, 150-1, 159– movement in, 192, 200-3– necessary conditions for a theory of, 147, 150-1, 157– negative (relative or neo-Leibnizian) theory of, 148-71, 175, 265 n.18, 303-7, 307– Newton on, 149, 150– objective (public), 182, 184– path through time and. See space-time path– perceiving of, 167-71– point in, 52 n.10– position in, 293-5– positive (absolute or container) theory of, 91, 92, 149, 151, 173, 175, 303-7, 307– Quinton on, 215-24– "right/left" problem, 205-8– sensory (auditory, visual, etc.), 112, 132, 181-6, 187 n.25, 260 n.15, 304, 313space-time path, 338-44, 351, 352spatiotemporal continuity, strengthened criterion of, 343, 344, 346-7, 347-51, 351, 353spatiotemporal objects. See objects, physical, located in space (/time)speed, concept of, 249-50, 249 n.11split-brain. See under brainstage, temporal. See parts, spatial and temporalstatistics, 45-6, 294stream of consciousness, 364, 375subconscious, 131 n.4subjectivity, 93, 356subsistence (of abstract objects), 265, 267, 271substance– as identifier. See identity-through-time, positive theory of– as individuator. See individuation, positive theories of– as ontological glue, 282-3– Locke on, 281-4– mental, 93, 94– physical, 93, 94– unperceivable, 238, 336-7sufficient condition, 86, 406sufficient reason, 233suspended animation, 225symmetry, 204, 207, 208, 211 n.32, 412
taxonomy, 346 n.11technology, 77, 84teleology. See under explanationtemperature, 44, 64, 67, 319, 324tenses of verbs, 178-9textbooks, 3-4, 34, 75-6theology. See religiontheoretical (hypothetical) entities (see also realism, in science), 321theories (see also theories, metaphysical; theories, scientific), 24-38– construed as mathematical formulas, 32-7– construed as sets of hypotheses, 26– criteria for judging, 27, 28– degree of confirmation, 28-9– generating, 34– loose fit with data, 69– negative, 270– pervasiveness of, 24-5, 29-30, 34– produced by animals, 30– produced by children, 29– teaching, 27-8, 34, 76{page 448}– testing, 41, 71-2– truth-valued, 27theories, metaphysical– aesthetic features of, 261, 306– informing world-views, 12-18– origins of, 355– resistant to empirical test, 12-13– tailored to this world, 108theories, scientific (see also law[s], scientific), 32-5, 38– as comprehensive explanations, 51, 53 n.11, 326– essential metaphysical components in, 41-2– grounds for acceptance of, 47 n.4, 59-69– of fluids (historical), 62– revolutionary, 51, 56, 68-9, 87– testing, 69, 86, 121, 315-27thermometer, 60"things", defined broadly, 157time (see also change; identity-through-time; parts, spatial and temporal; relations, temporal), 13, 22, 71, 115– amorphousness of absolute time, 303– analog of the "right/left" problem, 203-13– Augustine on, 145, 173-5– beginning and end of, 10, 147– connectedness (unity) of, 214-24– Descartes on, 330 n.2– direction of, 210-13– extension in, 187-9, 193-4, 199-200, 336– formal analogy with space, 172, 174, 189, 190-203, 207-13, 215-24, 400– infinite divisibility of, 341-2– inscrutableness of, 146– McTaggart on, 175-9, 175 n.16, 199– moving about in, 200-3, 224-7, 352, 382, 384 n.16– necessary conditions for a theory of, 147, 150-1, 180– negative theory of (relative or static) time, 150, 179-80, 265 n.18– path through space and. See space-time path– position in, 293-5– positive theory of (absolute or dynamic) time, 90, 172-9, 303-7– psychological theory of, 173-4– Quinton on, 215-24– without change, 112time travel, accelerated. See time, moving about intropes, 267, 268-70– accommodating relations in the theory of, 269-70– regarded as `subtle' parts, 268truth, 74, 86, 93, 250, 251, 298– necessary. See necessary truthtruth-value, 28
underdeterminism, 38, 45, 72-4, 88, 96-7, 240-1, 406-7, 411understanding, 104universals (see also realism, in regard to universals), 22, 266, 407
vagueness– in concepts, 97-100, 119– in criteria for identity-through-time, 354-7– in criteria for personal identity, 388-90– in the principle of impenetrability, 302– mechanisms for reducing, 99-100, 103– necessity for, 98-9– of the concept of metaphysics, 19, 97-100– Russell on, 98values, 38, 276 n.2variables, use of, 230-1, 341visual fields, 95
waiting, 224white dwarfs, 297{page 449}world, the (see also Nature), 407– complexity of, 56, 57– external. See external world– interacting with, 131-2– model of, 62– problem of the existence of, 274-7– understanding, 144– what kind it is, 56-7, 108, 108 n.12, 116, 130, 184, 227worlds. See possible worlds
Zeno's paradoxes, 412zero, symbol for, 76