History 288 Home | Schedule of Readings and Assignments
Western Christendom: The Militia of Christ or a Persecuting Society?
What were the crusades?
Bernard of Clairvaux / Hugh de Payens vs. R. I. Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society (1987)
crusade < cruzada, croisade < cruciatus < cruciare < crux (cross) …a war of reconquest
Islam: Muhammad (570-632), Qur'an, spread of Islam, Islamic Spain
638: Jerusalem fell to Caliph Omar
1071: Seljuk Turks defeated Byzantine army
1095: Urban II inaugurated the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont
15 July 1099: Crusaders took Jerusalem
Crusader states
1204: Fourth Crusade
1291: fall of Acre
Reconquista in Spain
crusading orders:
Knights of St. John of Jerusalem = Hospitallers
Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon = Knights of the Temple of Jerusalem = Templars
Knights of Santiago de Compostela
How did Christianity view Judaism?
NT texts: Matthew 27: 24-25, John 8: 44, Revelation 2: 9, 3: 9
Legislation: Council of Elvira (4th c.), Nicaea I and Easter
Popes: Gregory I, Innocent III, Gregory X (1271-1276)
popular anti-Semitism: ritual murder, poisoning of wells, crusaders, expulsions, burning of the Talmud
artisitic manifestations of anti-Semitism: Ecclesia (Church) vs. Synagoga (synagogue)
How do we account for the rise of heresy in the West?
1 Corinthians 11: 19: nam et oportet hereses esse
apostolic poverty
Cathars / Albigensian heresy
Peter Waldo / Waldensians
John Wyclif (d. 1384) and the Lollards
Jan Hus (d. 1415) and the Hussites
How did the assault on heresy proceed?
fight against heresy: Titus 3: 10: hereticum hominem…devita
Executions begin in the eleventh century.
Innocent III (1198-1216): compromise, decree of 1199, papal leages in Languedoc, Albigensian crusade (1208)
Gregory IX (1227-1241), papal inquisition
English law of 1401: De heretico comburendo
lessons of medieval heresy
NB Key terms are underlined.