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The Papacy

What are the origins of the papacy?

  • Patriarch of the West, meaning of pope
  • significance of Rome, Apostolic See
  • Petrine doctrine: Matthew 16: 18-19
  • Other New Testament passages: Luke 22:32, John 21: 15-17
  • challenges: the condemnation of Honorius I by Constantinople III (680), views of Cyprian and Augustine
  • support: Theodosius I, Council of Sardica (343-344)

    How did papal supremacy over the Church develop?

  • papal primacy
  • Leo I (440-461) and the decree of Valentinian III (445)
  • Gelasius I (492-496) and the two powers
  • Donation of Constantine
  • coronation of Charlemagne (800)
  • Gregorian Reform: Gregory VII (1073-1085) the struggle against simony and lay investiture
  • Nicholas II (1059-1061), college of cardinals
  • Gregory VII (1073-1085), Dictatus papae
  • Gregory VII vs. Henry IV (1084-1105)
  • Concordat of Worms (1122)
  • Innocent III (1198-1216): Vicar of Christ, metaphor of the sun and moon, weapon of interdict, plenitude of power
  • Boniface VIII (1293-1303) vs Philip IV (1285-1314): Clericis laicos (1296), Unam sanctam (1302)
  • Avignonese Papacy = Babylonian Captivity of the Church (1305-1377) [Avignon]
  • The Great Schism (1378-1417)
  • conciliarism
  • Council of Constance (1415-1417)
  • Pius II, Execrabilis (1460)

    How did the popes exercise their authority in the Church?

    papal prerogatives:
  • calling a general council
  • supreme lawgiver: canon law, Alexander III (1159-1181), Gregory IX (1227-1241)
  • appointment of bishops, ad limina visits, pallium
  • determination of public forms of worship (liturgy)
  • canonization
  • shaping liturgical calendar: Corpus Christi (1264)
  • founding universities
  • calling a crusade

    NB Key terms are underlined.