• positive view of human nature & the pursuit of self-interest
• autonomy of the individual
• limited government to protect the rights of citizens
• laissez faire approach to economy
• no need for social welfare
• the “will of the people” key to authority & legitimacy
• liberty is “freedom from”
• equality is equal treatment under law
• restricted electorate

Reform (modern) Liberalism

• mixed view of human nature & the pursuit of self-interest
• believe in universal franchise
• idea liberty/freedom changed to positive power to act
• concept of equality expanded to equality of opportunity
• unrestricted free market produces some harm
• increased role of the state to regulate economy
• accept some duty for state to provide social welfare
• concept of equality expanded to equality of opportunity
• accept basic benefits of trade unionism

© 2007 Andrew Heard