Courses in Acoustic Communication
CMNS 859-5 : ACOUSTIC
DIMENSIONS OF COMMUNICATION
Instructor: Barry Truax, K-9676,
778-782-4261, email: truax@sfu.ca
Website: http://www.sfu.ca/~truax & www.sfu.ca/sonic-studio/
Texts: B.
Truax, Acoustic Communication, 2nd ed., Ablex 2001. (QC
225.15 T78)
Five Village Soundscapes, ARC Publications 1977. (QC
229 D38); reprinted in H. Jarviluoma et al., eds., Acoustic Environments in Change,
Tampere, 2009. (QC 229 A26 2009)
B. Truax, ed., Handbook for Acoustic Ecology, CD-ROM edition, Cambridge
Street
Publishing, 1999.
CMNS 359/859 Readings
(online pdf's: www.sfu.ca/sonic-studio/AcousticCommunication;
see
Index
below)
References: WFAE website: www.wfae.net; video
collection
related
to
acoustic
ecology:
soundexplorations.blogspot.com
P. Denes & E. Pinson, The
Speech
Chain. (QP 306
D45),
W.H.Freeman, 2nd ed., 1993. (P95 D46 1993)
W. Ong, Orality and Literacy. Methuen, 1982. (P35 O54)
D. Tannen, ed. Spoken and
Written Language: Exploring Orality
and Literacy,
Ablex, 1982.
(P302 S6)
D. Tannen & M.
Saville-Troike, eds. Perspectives on Silence, Ablex, 1985. (P95.53, P47)
A. Wolvin & C. Coakley, Perspectives
on
Listening,
Ablex, 1993. (P95.46 P47 1993)
D. Ihde, Listening and Voice: Phenomenologies of
Sound, SUNY Press, 2007 (B 829.5 I34 2007)
J. Attali, Noise
(The
Political Economy of Music), The University of Minnesota
Press, 1985.
(ML 3795 A913)
E. Thompson, The
Soundscape
of
Modernity, MIT Press,
2002. (NA 2800 T48
2002)
J-F. Augoyard, & H. Torgue, eds. Sonic experience: A guide to everyday
sounds (translated by A. McCartney & D. Paquette).
McGill-Queen's University Press, 2005. (BF 353.5 N65 S6513 2005)
B. Smith, The
Acoustic World of Early Modern
England, University of Chicago Press, 1999. (PR 428 P65 S65 1999)
A. Corbin, Village Bells:
Sound and Meaning in the Nineteenth-century French Countryside,
Columbia University Press, 1998. (DC 33.5 C6713 1998)
P. Kruth & H. Stobart, eds.
Sound,
Cambridge Univ. Press, 2000.
(QC 225.6
S68 2000)
M. Bull & Les Back, eds. The
Auditory
Culture
Reader,
Oxford, 2003. (GN 275 A83
2003)
J. Drobnik, Aural Cultures, YYZ/Walter Phillips Gallery
Editions, 2004.
P. du Gay et al., Doing
Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony
Walkman, Sage
Publications,
1997. (TK 7881.6 D65 1997)
M. Bull, Sounding Out The City: Personal Stereos
and
the Management of Everyday Life, Oxford 2000 (T 14.5 B85)
M. Bull, Sound Moves: iPod Culture and Urban
Experience, Routledge, 2007 (ML 3916 B85 2007)
J. Sterne, The Audible Past: Cultural Origins of
Sound Reproduction, Duke University Press, 2003. (TK 7881.4 S733
2003)
J. Sterne, MP3: The Meaning of a Format, Duke
University Press, 2012 (ML 74.4 M6 S74 2012)
J. Sterne, ed. The Sound Studies Reader,
Routledge, 2012 (electronic resource)
M. Ayers, ed. Cybersounds: Essay on Virtual Music Culture,
Peter
Lang,
2006.
(ML
3916
P67
C93
2006)
P. Théberge, Any
Sound
You
Can
Imagine,
Wesleyan University Press, 1997. (ML
1092 T38 1997)
T. DeNora, Music in
Everyday Life,
Cambridge University Press, 2000.
(electronic resource)
V. Erlmann, ed., Hearing Cultures: Essays on Sound,
Listening and Modernity, Oxford: Berg, 2004. (GN 307.5 H4)
V. Erlmann, Reason and Resonance: A History of Modern
Aurality, Zone Books, 2010. (BF 251 E75 2010)
F. Dyson, Sounding New Media: Immerson and
Embodiment in the Arts and Culture, University of California
Press, 2009 (BD 331 D97 2009)
K. Bijsterveld, Mechanical Sound: Technology, Culture, and
Public Problems of Noise in the Twentieth Century, MIT Press,
2008. (TD 892 B548 2008)
K. Bijsterveld &
T. Pinch, eds. The Oxford Handbook
of Sound Studies, Oxford, 2012 (QC 225.15 O93 2012)
K.
Bijsterveld, ed. Soundscapes of the
Urban Past: Staged Sound as Mediated Cultural Heritage,
Transcript 2013 (HT 153 S68 2014)
D. Jones & A.
Chapman, eds. Noise and Society, Wiley, 1984. (RA 772 N7 N65)
C. Plack, The Sense of Hearing, Lawrence
Erlbaum, 2005. (BF 251 P57 2005)
S. McAdams & E.
Bigand, eds. Thinking in Sound: The
cognitive psychology of human audition, Clarendon, 1993. (BF 323
L5 T55 1993)
A. Bregman, Auditory Scene Analysis, MIT Press,
1990. (QP 465 B74 1990)
S. Handel, Listening, MIT
Press, 1989. (BF 251 H27 1989/1993)
P. Cook, ed. Music, Cognition, and Computerized Sound,
MIT Press, 1999. (ML 3805 M881 1999)
Proceedings,
The Tuning of the World (conference on acoustic ecology), vol. 2, 1993;
Acoustic Ecology Conference, Stockholm, 1998.
Soundscape, the Journal of
Acoustic Ecology,
WFAE.
This course is intended as an intensive survey of the field of
acoustic communication, that is, to the study of sound, its behaviour,
uses, effects, and design in social, cultural, environmental and media
contexts. The topics to be presented will include acoustics,
psychoacoustics, environmental acoustics and acoustic design,
soundscape studies, electroacoustic media, noise in the community,
language and soundmaking, as well as theories of sound cognition and
information processing.
The course topics are divided between two formats as outlined below,
the first (the seminar) dealing with the concepts and models of
acoustic communication, and the second (the lab) dealing with specific
terminology and applied examples concerning sound and its perception.
Two term papers (approx. 15 pages or 4000 words) are expected to deal
with topics of the student’s choice in these areas. The reference books
listed above should be consulted where appropriate. A letter grade
average will be made of the two term papers, weighted equally unless
otherwise requested. The essays will be due in week 7 and one week
after the last class.
In-class presentation: during the final seminar, each student will be
asked to present a brief overview of one of their research topics.
The school expects that the grades
awarded in this course will bear some reasonable relation to
established university-wide practices with respect to both levels and
distribution of grades. In addition, The School will follow Policy
S10.01 with respect to Academic Integrity, and Policies S10.02, S10.03
and S10.04 as regards Student Discipline (note: as of May 1, 2009 the
previous T10 series of policies covering Intellectual Honesty (T10.02)
and Academic Discipline (T10.03) have been replaced with the new S10
series of policies).
Seminar Topics and Readings:
Note: All Readings are to be
done for the date listed. AC refers
to Acoustic Communication, 2nd edition. FVS refers to Five
Village
Soundscapes. Chapters from the books on
reserve
are useful supplements to these readings.
Date
Topic & Readings
Week 1: Introduction: Acoustic &
Electroacoustic Communication
AC:
chapter
1,
chapter
4
(pp.
49-59)
&
chapter
8
Wrightson, “An Introduction to Acoustic Ecology”
Truax, "Electroacoustic music: The inner and outer world", part I
Sterne, "Sonic
Imaginations," Ch. 1 from Sound
Studies Reader
T.
Ingold,
“Against
Soundscape”
Kelman, "Rethinking the Soundscape"
Leiss,
“On
the
vitality
of
our
discipline: New applications of communication
theory”
(opt) Laske, "Composition theory: An enrichment of music theory"
Week 2: Listening & The Listener as Consumer
AC:
chapters
2
&
10
Ihde,
“Shapes,
Surfaces,
and
Interiors"
Ballas & Howard,
"Interpreting the language of environmental sounds"
Thompson, “Edison and the Tone Tests”
Mendelsohn, "Listening to radio"
Bull, “Reconfiguring the Site and Horizon of Experience”
Bull, “Investigating the Culture of Mobile Listening: From Walkman to
iPod”
Blesser & Salter, “Auditory Spatial Awareness”
(opt) Metz, "Aural objects"
(opt) McAdams, "Recognition of sound sources and events"
(opt) Ballas, "Common factors in the identification of brief everyday
sounds"
(opt) Gaver, "Explorations in Ecological Acoustics"
Week 3: Voice, Soundmaking & Orality
AC:
chapter
3
Ong, Orality and Literacy (ch. 3)
De
Kerckhove,
"Oral
Versus
Literate
Listening"
Bruneau,
"Communicative
silences:
Forms
and
functions"
Franklin, "Silence and the notion of the commons"
Miller, “Silence in the Contemporary Soundscape”
(opt) Hockett, "The origin of speech"
(opt) Ostwald, "Sounds in human communication"
(opt) Lomax, "Song structure
and social structure"
Week 4: The Acoustic Community
AC:
chapter
5
FVS: Intro. & chapters 1 - 5
Southworth, "The sonic environment of cities"
C. Smith, "The acoustic experience of place"
Feld, "From ethnomusicology
to
echo-muse-ecology"
(opt) Porteous, "Soundscape"
Week 5:
The
Acoustic & Electroacoustic Community
AC:
chapter
12
FVS:
chapters
6
&
7
Théberge,
"The
'Sound'
of
Music:
Technological
Rationalization
and
the
Production
of Popular Music"
Herman
&
McChesney,
excerpts
from
"The
Global
Media
in
the Late 1990s"
Week 6:
Noise and
Environment/Music and Environment
AC:
chapters
6
Thompson,
chapter
4
“Noise
and
Modern
Culture”
Bijsterveld, “The diabolical symphony of the mechanical age”
Westerkamp, "Listening and soundmaking: A study of music-as-environment"
Orwell, “Pleasure Spots”
(opt) Shepherd, "Music as cultural text"
(opt) Moisala, "Cognitive study of music as culture"
(opt) Cardinell, "Music in
industry"
Week 7:
Audio Media
Analysis I
AC:
chapter
11
Barber, "Radio: Audio art's frightful parent"
Huron, "Music in advertising"
Doane, “The voice in cinema: The articulation of body and space”
Mowitt, ad analysis (pp. 173-179) in "The sound of music in the era of
its electronic reproducibility"
(opt) Berland, "Radio space and industrial time"
(opt) Silverman, "Dis-embodying the female voice"
Week 8: Audio Media Analysis II
Attali,
chapter
4
"Repeating"
Thompson, chapter 6,
“Electroacoustics and Modern Sound”
du Gay et al., chapter 5 “Consuming the Walkman”
Théberge,
“Musicians
as
Market,
Consumers
of
Technology”
(opt)
O'Connell,
"The
Fine
Tuning
of
a
Golden
Ear:
High-end Audio and the
Evolutionary Model of Technology"
(opt)
Perlman,
Marc.
“Golden
ears
and
meter
readers:
The
contest for
epistemic authority in audiophilia”
Week 9: The Recorded Document & the Digital Era
AC:
chapter
13
Sterne,
“A
machine
to
hear
for
them:
On
the
very possibility of sound’s
reproduction”
Sterne,
“The
mp3
as
Cultural
Artifact”
Taylor,
Ch.
1
“Music,
Technology,
Agency,
and
Practice”
Katz,
Ch.
1
“Causes”
&
Ch.
8
“Listening
in
Cyberspace”
(opt)
Gould,
“The
Prospects
of
Recording”
(opt) Hecker, "Glenn Gould, the Vanishing Performer and the Ambivalence
of the Studio"
Week 10: Audiology, Hearing Loss & the Effects
of Noise
White,
"Physiological
and
psychological
effects
of
sound"
Bryan & Tempest, "Are our noise laws
adequate?"
Campbell,
"Ambient stressors"
Hétu, "The
hearing conservation paradigm"
Rosen, "Presbycusis study of a relatively noise-free population in the
Sudan"
Royster & Clark, "Amplified music and its effect on hearing"
(opt) Thiessen, "The effects of noise on sleep"
(opt) Suter, "Noise sources and effects - A new look"
Week 11: Soundscape Composition
Week 12:
Acoustic
& Electroacoustic Design
AC:
chapters
7
&
14
Truax, "Electroacoustic music: The inner and outer world", part II
Wagstaff, "What is acoustic
ecology's 'ecology'"
Truax, “Models
and Strategies for Acoustic Design”
(opt) Wershler, “Sonic Signage”
(opt) Swedish "Manifesto for a Better Environment of Sound"
Week 13 Student Presentations
Lab Schedule: (note:
Grad students audit this part of the course)
In preparation for each lab you
are asked to consult the Handbook
terms listed in the Thematic Search
Engine of the CD-ROM under the given heading. Terms and
concepts that you have trouble with should be noted and brought up in
class. A list of suggested additional readings is provided below,
along with the acoustic and psychoacoustic texts that are on library
reserve, should the student wish to incorporate this material into one
of their term papers.
|
Date
|
Topic
|
|
Week
1
|
Introduction(s)
in Handbook CD-ROM
|
|
Week
2
|
Sound-Medium
Interface (plus AC, 2nd ed., pp. 145-152)
|
|
Week 3
|
Vibration, Pitch and Spectrum
(A, B)
|
Week 4
|
Vibration and
Timbre (C, D,
E) (plus AC, 2nd ed., pp. 137-142)
|
| Week
5 |
Sound-Environment
Interaction (A, B, C)
|
| Week
6 |
Sound-Environment
Interaction and Acoustic Space (D, E, F, G, H)
|
| Week
7 |
Magnitude (plus
AC, 2nd ed., pp. 142-145)
|
| Week
8 |
Sound-Sound
Interaction
|
| Week
9 |
Speech Acoustics:
consult "Vowel," "Consonant," "Formant," in Handbook
plus seminar readings (Denes
& Pinson,
Sundberg)
|
| Week
10 |
Audiology,
Hearing Loss & Risk Criteria
|
| Week
11 |
Noise Measurement
Systems & Risk Criteria
|
| Week
12 |
Review
|
| Week
13 |
Final
Quiz
(undergraduate)
|
INDEX
TO
READINGS
ACOUSTIC &
ELECTROACOUSTIC COMMUNICATION
K.
Wrightson, “An Introduction to Acoustic Ecology,” Soundscape, The Journal of Acoustic Ecology,
1(1),
2000,
pp.
10-13.
B. Truax, "Electroacoustic Music:
The
Inner and Outer World", in Companion
to Contemporary Musical Thought, vol. 1, Routledge, 1992, part I
(pp. 374-385).
J. Sterne, "Sonic Imaginations," chapter
1, The Sound Studies Reader,
Routledge, 2012.
A. Kelman, "Rethinking the Soundscape: A Critical Genealogy of a Key
Term in Sound Studies," Senses and
Society, 5(2), 213-34, 2010.
T. Ingold,
“Against Soundscape”, in
A. Carlyle, ed., Autumn Leaves,
Double
Entendre,
Paris
2007.
W. Leiss, “On the Vitality of our
Discipline: New Applications of Communication Theory,” Canadian Journal of Communication,
16(2), 1991, 291-305.
O.E. Laske, "Composition Theory: An
Enrichment of Music Theory," Interface,
vol.
18,
1989,
pp.
45-69.
LISTENING & THE
LISTENER AS CONSUMER
D.
Ihde,
“Shapes,
Surfaces,
and
Interiors,”
from
Listening
and Voice, Ohio
University Press, 1976; reprinted in Soundscape,
The
Journal
of
Acoustic
Ecology, 2(1), 2001, pp. 16-17.
J. Ballas & J. Howard,
"Interpreting the Language of Environmental Sounds," Environment & Behavior, Jan.
1987.
E. Thompson, “Edison and the Tone
Tests”, The Soundscape of Modernity,
MIT
Press,
2002,
pp.
235-247.
H. Mendelsohn, "Listening to
Radio,"
in Dexter & White, eds. People,
Society and Mass Communication, 1964.
M. Bull, Sounding Out the City: Personal Stereos
and the Management of Everyday Life. Oxford, 2000. Ch. 3
“Reconfiguring the Site and Horizon of Experience”.
M. Bull, “Investigating the Culture
of Mobile Listening: From Walkman to iPod,” in K. O’Hara & B.
Brown, eds. Consuming Music Together,
Spring 2006.
B. Blesser & L. Salter,
“Auditory
Spatial Awareness”, in Spaces Speak,
Are You Listening?. MIT Press, 2007, pp. 11-46.
C. Metz, "Aural Objects," in E.
Weis
& J. Belton, eds. Film Sound,
Columbia
University
Press,
1985.
S. McAdams, "Recognition of Sound
Sources and Events," Thinking in
Sound: The cognitive Psychology of Human Audition, Clarendon,
1993, 174-179.
J. Ballas, "Common Factors in the
Identification of an Assortment of Brief Everyday Sounds," Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human
Perception and Performance, 19(2), 1993, 250-267.
VOICE, SOUNDMAKING &
ORALITY
W.
Ong, "The Psychodynamics of Orality," chapter 3, Orality and Literacy, Methuen, 1982.
D. De Kerckhove, "Oral Versus
Literate Listening," chapter 9, The
Skin of Culture, Somerville House Publishing, 1995.
W. Bruneau, "Communicative
Silences:
Forms and Functions," Journal of
Communication, 23, 1973, 17-46.
U. Franklin, "Silence and the
Notion
of the Commons," Soundscape, The
Journal of Acoustic Ecology, 1(2), 2000, pp. 14-17.
W. Miller, “Silence in the
Contemporary Soundscape,” Soundscape,
The
Journal
of
Acoustic
Ecology, 1(2), 2000, pp. 18-19.
C. Hockett, "The Origin of Speech,"
Scientific American, Sept.
1960.
P. Ostwald, "Sounds in Human
Communication," in Communication and
Social Interaction, Grune & Stratton.
A. Lomax, "Song
Structure
and Social
Structure," Ethnology, vol.
1, 1962.
THE ACOUSTIC &
ELECTROACOUSTIC COMMUNITY
M.
Southworth,
"The
Sonic
Environment
of
Cities,"
Environment
and
Behavior, vol. 1,
no. 1, 1969.
C. Smith, "The Acoustic Experience
of
Place," Proceedings, The
Tuning of the World Conference, Banff, vol. 2, 1993.
S. Feld, "From Ethnomusicology to
Echo-muse-ecology," The Soundscape
Newsletter, no. 8, 1994.
J.D. Porteous, "Soundscape,"
chapter
3, Landscapes of the Mind,
University of Toronto Press, 1990.
P.
Théberge,
"The
'Sound'
of
Music:
Technological
Rationalization
and
the
Production
of Popular Music," New
Formations, vol. 8, 1989, pp. 99-111.
E. Herman & R.
McChesney,
excerpts from "The Global Media in the Late 1990s," The Global Media, Cassell, 1997.
NOISE AND
ENVIRONMENT/MUSIC AND ENVIRONMENT
E.
Thompson, The Soundscape of Modernity,
ch.
4
“Noise
and
Modern
Culture”,
MIT
Press,
2002.
K. Bijsterveld, “The Diabolical
Symphony of the Mechanical Age,” Social
Studies
of
Science, 31(1), February 2001, 37-70.
H. Westerkamp, "Listening and
Soundmaking: A Study of Music-as-Environment," in D. Lander & M.
Lexier, eds. Sound by Artists,
Art
Metropole
&
Walter
Phillips
Gallery,
1990.
G. Orwell, “Pleasure Spots,” The Collected Essays, vol. 4,
Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968 pp. 78-81.
J. Shepherd, "Music as cultural
text," in Companion to Contemporary
Musical Thought, vol. 1, Routledge, 1992.
P. Moisala, "Cognitive Study of
Music
as Culture - Basic Premises for Cognitive Musicology," Journal of New Music Research, 24,
1995, 8-20.
R.L. Cardinell, "Music in
Industry,"
in Schullian & Schoen, eds., Music
and
Medicine, 1948.
AUDIO MEDIA ANALYSIS
B.
Barber,
"Radio:
Audio
Art's
Frightful
Parent,"
in
D.
Lander & M.
Lexier, eds. Sound by Artists,
Art
Metropole
&
Walter
Phillips
Gallery,
1990.
D. Huron, "Music in Advertising: An
Analytic Paradigm," The Musical
Quarterly, 73, 1989, 557-574.
M.A. Doane, “The Voice in Cinema:
The
Articulation of Body and Space,” in E.Weis & J.Belton, eds. Film Sound, Columbia University
Press, 1985.
J. Mowitt, "The Sound of Music in
the
Era of its Electronic Reproducibility," in R. Leppert & S. McClary,
eds. Music and Society,
Cambridge University Press, 1987, pp. 173-197.
K. Silverman, "Dis-Embodying the
Female Voice," in Re-Vision: Essays
on Feminist Film Criticism, The American Film Institute
Monograph Series, vol. 3, 1984.
J. Berland, "Radio Space and
Industrial Time," in Canadian Music:
Issues of Hegemony and Identity, B. Diamond and R. Witmer, eds.,
Canadian Scholars Press, 1993.
J.
Attali,
Noise (The Political Economy
of Music), The Univ. of Minnesota Press, 1985. Ch. 4
“Repeating”, p. 87-120 (“The Emplacement of Recording” and “Double
Repetition”).
E. Thompson, The Soundscape of Modernity, ch. 6,
“Electroacoustics and Modern Sound”, MIT Press, 2002.
P. du Gay et al., Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the
Sony Walkman, Sage Publications, 1997. Ch. 5 “Consuming the
Walkman”.
P. Théberge, “Musicians as
Market,
Consumers of Technology,” OneTwoThreeFour,
9,
1990,
53-90.
J. O'Connell, "The Fine Tuning of a
Golden Ear: High-end Audio and the Evolutionary Model of Technology," Technology and Culture, vol. 33,
no. 1, 1992, pp. 1-37.
M. Perlman, “Golden ears and meter
readers: The Contest for Epistemic Authority in Audiophilia,” Social Studies of Science, 35(5),
2004, 783-807.
AUDIOLOGY,
HEARING LOSS AND
THE EFFECTS OF NOISE
F.
A. White, "Physiological and Psychological Effects of Sound," chapter
17, Our Acoustic Environment,
Wiley, 1975.
J. Campbell, "Ambient Stressors," Environment & Behavior, 15(3),
May 1983.
M. Bryan & W. Tempest, "Are Our
Noise Laws Adequate," Applied
Acoustics, 6, 1973, 219-232.
R. Hétu, "The Hearing
Conservation
Paradigm and the Experienced Effects of Occupational Noise Exposure, Canadian Acoustics, 22(1), 1994,
pp. 3-19.
S. Rosen, "Presbycusis Study of a
Relatively Noise-Free Population in the Sudan, Transactions, American Otological Society,
vol.
50,
1962.
J. & L. Royster & W. Clark,
"Amplified Music (from stereo headsets) and its Effect on Hearing," Hearing Instruments, vol. 41, no.
10, 1990, pp. 28-30.
G. Thiessen, "Effects of Noise on
Sleep," in Effects of Noise on Man,
National
Research
Council
Document
15383,
1976.
A. Suter, "Noise Sources and
Effects
- A New Look," Sound and Vibration,
Jan.
1992,
18-38.
THE
RECORDED DOCUMENT
& THE DIGITAL ERA
J.
Sterne, “A Machine to Hear for Them: On the Very Possibility of Sound’s
Reproduction,” Cultural Studies,
15(2),
2001,
259-294.
J. Sterne, “The mp3 as Cultural
Artifact,” New Media and Society,
8(5),
2006,
825-842.
T. Taylor, Strange Sounds: Music, Technology, and
Culture, Routledge, 2001. Ch. 2 “Music, Technology, Agency, and
Practice”
M. Katz, Capturing Sound : How Technology Has
Changed Music, University of California Press, 2004. Ch. 1
“Causes” & Ch. 8 “Listening in Cyberspace”
G. Gould, "The Prospects of
Recording," Hi Fidelity,
16(46), 1966.
T.
Hecker, "Glenn Gould, the Vanishing Performer and the Ambivalence of
the Studio," Leonardo Music Journal,
18,
77-83,
2008.
ACOUSTIC
&
ELECTROACOUSTIC DESIGN (and Soundscape Composition)
B.
Truax,
"Electroacoustic
Music:
The
Inner
and
Outer
World",
in Companion
to
Contemporary Musical Thought,
vol.
1, Routledge, 1992, part II (pp. 385-398).
B. Truax, "Soundscape, Acoustic Communication and
Environmental Sound Composition," Contemporary
Music
Review, 15(1), 49-65, 1996.
B. Truax, "Genres and
Techniques of Soundscape Composition as Developed at SFU," Organised Sound, 13(2), 103-109,
2002.
B. Truax, "Soundscape Composition as
Global Music: Electroacoustic Music as Soundscape,"Organised Sound, 13(2), 103-109,
2008.
B. Truax, “Models and Strategies
for
Acoustic Design”, 1998 (www.sfu.ca/~truax/models.html)
J. Drever, "Soundscape Composition: The Convergence
of Ethnography and Acousmatic Music," Organised
Sound, 7(1), 21-27, 2002.
H. Westerkamp, "Linking Soundscape Composition and Acoustic Ecology," Organised Sound, 7(1), 51-56, 2002.
G. Wagstaff, "What is Acoustic
Ecology's 'Ecology'," Soundscape
Newsletter, no. 9, 1999.
D. Wershler, “Sonic Signage:
[murmur], the Refrain, and Territoriality,” Canadian Journal of Communication,
33, 405-418, 2008.
