Contents

Preface xi
Contributors xiii
Conference Participants xxiii

SECTION I Dalton's Colour Vision

1.1 Dalton - Letter 3
J. Dalton

1.2 Extraordinary Facts Relating to the Vision of Colours: With Observations by Mr. John Dalton 7
J. Dalton

1.3 Dalton's Colour Blindness: An Essay in Molecular Biography 15
J.D Mollon, K.S. Dulai and D.M. Hunt

SECTION 2 Pigments and Genetics

2.1 Primate Visual Pigments: Their Spectral Distribution and Evolution 37
J.K. Bowmaker, D.M. Hunt and J.D. Mollon

2.2 Evaluation of the Genetic Contribution to Individual Variations in the Spectral Sensitivity of Deuteranopes 47
G.H. Jacobs and J.B. Calderone

2.3 Induced Colour Blindness in Goldfish 55
C. Neumeyer, C. Mora-Ferrer, J.J. Wietsma and H. Spekreijse

SECTION 3 Pathways and Channels

3.1 Parallel Pathways in Primate Retina 65
B.B. Lee

3.2 Chromatic Adaptation After-effects on Luminance and Chromatic Channels 73
I. Kuriki and D.I.A. MacLeod

3.3 Selectivity Limits of Spectral Sensitivity Functions for Chromatic and Achromatic Mechanisms 83
A. Nacer, I.J. Murray, Sharanjeet-Kaur and J.J. Kulikowski

3.4 Spectral Sensitivity in Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension 93
Sharanjeet-Kaur, E. O'Donoghue, I.J. Murray and J.J. Kulikowski

3.5 Human Colour Imaging Evoked Potentials in the Inferior Parietal
Lobule (IPL) and Colour Sensitive Cells in Area 7 of the Monkey
Implicating the IPL System in Higher Order Colour Processing 103
B. Blum

3.6 Chromatic Visual Evoked Potentials: Special Requirements for Blue 115
A.G. Robson, D.J. McKeefry and J.J. Kulikowski

3.7 Latency of Transient Chromatic Response Revealed with Temporal Isoluminant Double-pulse Method 125
T. Yoshizawa and K. Uchikawa

SECTION 4 Spatial and Temporal Aspects of Colour Vision

4.1 Spatial and Temporal Properties of Chromatic Processing: Separation of Colour from Chromatic Pattern Mechanisms 133
J.J. Kulikowski

4.2 Spatial and Temporal Contrast Sensitivity During Saccades: Evidence for Suppression of the Magnocellular Visual Pathway 147
D.C. Burr, M.C. Morrone and J. Ross

4.3 Effects of Colour Difference on Perceptual Fading 155
H. Ujike, K. Yokoi and K. Uchikawa

4.4 Spatial and Temporal Sensitivities of Colour Discrimination Mechanisms 163
D.J. McKeefry and J.J. Kulikowski

4.5 Temporal Characteristics of Colour Discrimination 173
H. Yaguchi, Y. Mohri, M. Ishiwata and S. Shioiri

4.6 Opponent Mechanisms Revealed by Chromatic Modulation Threshold 179
Y. Nakano, M. Ikeda and K. Uchikawa

4.7 The Contribution of Colour to Contour Detection 187
W. McIlhagga and K.T. Mullen

4.8 Chromatic Contribution to Shape Perception is Revealed in a Non-Temporal Detection Task Using Distance 197
T. Nilsson and K. Connolly

4.9 Reading Performance of Low Vision Observers for Equal Luminance Coloured Text 207
K.L. Jacobs, S.J. Leat and J.K. Hovis

SECTION 5 Development and Colour Vision Defects

5.1 The Development of Colour Vision in Infants 217
D.Y Teller

5.2 Do Congenital Colour Vision Defects Represent a Selective Advantage? 225
P. Grassivaro Gallo, L, Romana, F. Viviani and A.C. Ciani

5.3 Some (But Only a Few) Colour Vision Detectives Have No Difficulty With Colour 225
B.L. Cole and J.M. Steward

5.4 Visualization of Congenital Colour Vision Deficiencies with a VDU 241
G. Derefeldt, B. Modeer, U. Persson and T. Swartling

5.5 Acquired Deficiencies of Colour Vision 257
A.B. Morland and K.H. Ruddock

5.6 Colour Discrimination Without Pattern Discrimination in a Human Hemianope 279
J.R. Wright, P.J. Brent, J.A. Ogilvie and K.H. Ruddock

5.7 Rates of Age-related Declines of Chromatic Discriminations are the 287
Same for Equiluminant Stimuli Lying on Tritan and Constant S-Cone Axes
K. Shinomori, B.E. Schefrin and J.S. Werner

SECTION 6 Techniques in Colour Visual Testing

6.1 Developments in Anomaloscopy 301
J.D. Moreland

6.2 A New Panel Test for Tritan Colour Deficiency 309
J. Birch and C. Burden

6.3 New Method for Investigation of Colour Sensitivity 317
A.M. Shamshinova, S.N. Endrichovsky, L.I. Nesteruk and A.A. Yacovlev

6.4 Electrophysiological Correlates of Colour Vision Defects 325
T. Meigen, M. Bach, J. Gerling and S. Schmid

6.5 An Analysis of VEPs Using Non-linear Identification Analysis Method 335
K. Momose, A. Ogawa, T. Ito and A. Uchiyama

6.6 Chromatic Thresholds in Visual Disorders 343
P.E. King-Smith, S.L. Alvarez, G.E. Pierce and M.J. Earley

6.7 Electrophysiological Investigation of Adult and Infant Colour Vision Deficiencies 349
N.R.A. Parry and I.J. Murray

6.8 Clinical Applications of an Automated Test of Chromatic Discrimination 359
S.J. Tregear, L.G. Ripley, P.J. Knowles, V. Tanner, D.V. de Alwis, J.P. Rein, S.V. Vickers, A.G. Casswell and R.T. Gilday

6.9 First Experiences with the Trafford Anomaloscope 371
L.G. Ripley, F. Dean, R.T Gilday, C. Kon and S.J. Tregear

SECTION 7 Colour Categories

7.1 On the Nature of Unique Hues 381
J.D. Mollon and G. Jordan

7.2 On the Existence of a Fixed Number of Unique Opponent Hues 393
J. van Brakel and B.A.C. Saunders

7.3 The Influence of White Light on the Location of Unique Green 403
J.K. Hovis and R. Van Arsdel

7.4 Categorical Characteristics of Multiple-colour Memory 409
K. Uchikawa, H. Ujike and T. Sugiyama

7.5 Estimation of Object's Hue Using Maximum-likelihood Principle 415
V. Petrauskas and T. Troscianko

7.6 Are Colour Categorical Borders Stable Under Various Illuminants? 421
H. Jordan and J.J. Kulikowski

7.7 The Paucity of Evidence for Cardinal Mechanisms 431
J. Krauskopf

7.8 Colour Appearance and the CIE System 441
C.J. Hawkyard

SECTION 8 Colour Constancy

8.1 Colour Constancy from Colour Relations in the Normal and Colour-Deficient Observer 453
D.H. Foster, S.M.C. Nascimento and K.J. Linnell

8.2 Colour Constancy in Acquired and Congenital Colour Vision Deficiencies
A.B. Morland, J.H. MacDonald and K.R Middleton 463

8.3 Adaptation or Contrast: The Controlling Mechanism for Colour Constancy 469
J.J. McCann

8.4 A Neurocomputational Model for Colour Constancy 475
S. Usui and S. Nakauchi

8.5 A Functional View of Cone Pigments and Colour Vision 483
D. Osorio

8.6 Dependence of Colour Constancy on the Time-course of Illuminant Changes 491
S.M.C. Nascimento and D.H. Foster

8.7 Space-average Scene Colour Used to Extract Illuminant Information 501
K.J. Linnell and D.H. Foster

8.8 Colour Constancy, Excitation Purity and a Test of the Coefficient Theory 511
M.F. Tritsch

8.9 Average Colour Constancy and Categorical Hues 521
J.J. Kulikowski, L. Routledge, H. Jordan and P. Laycock

8.10 Surface Colour and Colour Constancy 533
A.P. Petrov

8.11 Age-related Changes in Saturation of Non-spectral Lights 539
J.M. Kraft and J.S. Werner

SECTION 9 Models of Colour Vision

9.1 Predicting Colour Appearance of Simple and Complex Stimuli 549
M.D. Fairchild

9.2 Coefficient Channels for Colour Constancy 557
G.D. Finlayson and B.V. Funt

9.3 Colour Sensations in Honeybees? 567
W. Backhaus

9.4 A Model of Spatial and Chromatic Processing in Early Vision 577
I.R. Moorhead

9.5 Invariant Relationships Between Achromatic Colour, Apparent 591
Illumination and Shape of Surface: Implications for the Colour Constancy Theories
A. Logvinenko

9.6 A Model of Cone Interaction for Coding Chromatic Information 599
M.C. Morrone and L. Bedarida

9.7 Linear Models of Dichromacy 611
H. Scheibner and A. Orazem

9.8 The Two Axes of the Human Eye and Inversion of the Retinal Layers: 623
the Basis for the Interpretation of the Retina as a Phase Grating Optical, Cellular 3D Chip
N. Lauinger

9.9 Brightness, Hue and Saturation in Photopic Vision: A Diffraction- 631
optical result of Luminance and Wavelength in the Cellular Phase
Grating 3D Chip of the Inverted Human Retina
N. Lauinger

9.10 3D Grating Model of Colour Perception 639
M.A. Carbon

9.11 A Zone Model for Colour Vision Based on Discriminability Optimization 649
H. Vaitkevicius, Z. Stankevicius and V. Petrauskas

SECTION 10 Colour Applications

10.1 Hyperchromatic Lenses as Potential Aids for the Presbyope 659
W.N. Charman and H.D. Whitefoot

10.2 Revision of the CIE Recommendations for the Colours of Signal Lights 665
B.L. Cole and J.D. Maddocks

10.3 A Methodology for Producing Maximally Discriminable, Nameable Colours in Control Room Displays 673
D. van Laar, R. Flavell, 1. Umbers and J. Smalley

10.4 Qualitative Assessment of Compatibility of a Mixture of Disperse Dyes Using Colour Coordinates 677
S.R. Shukla, S.S. Dhuri and V.C. Gupte

10.5 Real-time Colour Recognition for Machine Vision Systems 687
B.G. Batchelor and P.F. Whelan

10.6 A System for Precision Ophthalmic Tinting and Its Role in the Treatment of Visual Stress 695
A. Wilkins

10.7 Optometric Characteristics of Children with Reading Difficulties who Report a Benefit from Coloured Filters 709
B.J.W. Evans, A.J. Wilkins, A. Busby and R. Jeanes

10.8 The Magnocellular Defect of Dyslexics 717
J.F. Stein

10.9 Visual Defence or Facilitation Processes Favoured by Alarming or Playful Colours 723
P. Bonaiuto, A.M. Giannini, V. Biasi, M.M. Romano and M. Bonaiuto

Index 733